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      Adolescent sexual and reproductive health and universal health coverage: a comparative policy and legal analysis of Ethiopia, Malawi and Zambia

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      a , b , c
      Sexual and Reproductive Health Matters
      Taylor & Francis
      abortion, adolescent, Malawi, Ethiopia, Zambia, law, policy, universal health coverage

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          Abstract

          Universal Health Coverage (UHC) forces governments to consider not only how services will be provided – but which services – and to whom, when, where, how and at what cost. This paper considers the implications for achieving UHC through the lens of abortion-related care for adolescents. Our comparative study design includes three countries purposively selected to represent varying levels of restriction on access to abortion: Ethiopia (abortion is legal and services implemented); Zambia (legal, complex services with numerous barriers to implementations and provision of information); Malawi (legally highly restricted). Our policy and legal analyses are supplemented by comparative vignettes based on interviews ( n = 330) in 2018/2019 with adolescents aged 10–19 who have sought abortion-related care in each country. We focus on an under-considered but critical legal framing for adolescents – the age of consent. We compare legal and political commitments to advancing adolescent sexual and reproductive health and rights, including abortion-related care. Ethiopia appears to approach UHC for safe abortion care, and the legal provision for under 18-year-olds appears to be critical. In Malawi, the most restrictive legal environment for abortion, little progress appears to have been made towards UHC for adolescents. In Zambia, despite longstanding legal provision for safe abortion on a wide range of grounds, the limited services combined with low levels of knowledge of the law mean that the combined rights and technical agendas of UHC have not yet been realised. Our comparative analyses showing how policies and laws are framed have critical implications for equity and justice.

          Résumé

          La couverture santé universelle (CSU) oblige les gouvernements à se demander non seulement comment les services seront assurés, mais aussi quels services seront proposés, à qui, quand, où et à quel coût. Cet article s’intéresse aux conséquences de la réalisation de la CSU dans la perspective des soins relatifs à l’avortement pour les adolescentes. Notre étude comparative inclut trois pays sélectionnés précisément pour représenter divers niveaux de restriction de l’accès à l’avortement: l’Éthiopie (l’avortement y est légal et les services sont mis en œuvre); la Zambie (avortement légal, services complexes avec de nombreux obstacles à la pratique de l’avortement et la fourniture d’informations); le Malawi (accès extrêmement restreint du point de vue juridique). Nos analyses politiques et juridiques sont complétées par des anecdotes comparatives obtenues au cours d’entretiens ( n = 330) réalisés en 2018/2019 avec des adolescentes âgées de 10 à 19 ans qui avaient demandé des soins liés à l’avortement dans chaque pays. Nous nous concentrons sur un cadre juridique insuffisamment pris en compte mais pourtant essentiel pour les adolescentes: l’âge du consentement. Nous comparons les engagements juridiques et politiques en faveur des progrès de la santé et des droits sexuels et reproductifs des adolescentes, notamment les soins liés à l’avortement. L’Éthiopie paraît s’approcher de la CSU pour les soins sûrs liés à l’avortement, et les dispositions juridiques pour les filles de moins de 18 ans semblent essentielles. Au Malawi, l’environnement juridique le plus restrictif pour l’avortement, peu de progrès semblent avoir été accomplis vers la CSU pour les adolescentes. En Zambie, malgré des dispositions juridiques autorisant de longue date l’avortement sans risque pour plusieurs motifs, les services limités, s’ajoutant à de faibles niveaux de connaissance de la loi, font que les droits et les programmes techniques de la CSU n’ont pas encore été mis en œuvre. Nos analyses comparatives montrent que la manière dont les politiques et les lois sont encadrées a des conséquences capitales sur l’équité et la justice.

          Resumen

          La cobertura universal de salud (CUS) obliga a los gobiernos a considerar no solo cómo proporcionar los servicios, sino qué servicios y a quién, cuándo, dónde, cómo y a qué precio. Este artículo considera las implicaciones para lograr CUS desde la perspectiva de los servicios relacionados con el aborto para adolescentes. Nuestro diseño de estudio comparativo abarca tres países seleccionados intencionalmente para representar diversos niveles de restricción al acceso a los servicios de aborto: Etiopía (donde el aborto es legal y los servicios son implementados); Zambia (donde hay servicios legales complejos con numerosas barreras a su implementación y al suministro de información); Malaui (donde el aborto es muy restringido por la legislación). Nuestra política y análisis jurídicos son suplementados por viñetas comparativas basadas en entrevistas ( n = 330) realizadas en 2018/19 con adolescentes de 10 a 19 años que buscaron servicios de aborto en cada país. Nos enfocamos en un marco jurídico poco considerado pero esencial para las adolescentes: la edad para dar consentimiento. Comparamos los compromisos jurídicos y políticos con promover la salud y los derechos sexuales y reproductivos de las adolescentes, que incluyen los servicios relacionados con el aborto. Etiopía parece acercarse a la CUS para los servicios de aborto seguro, y la prestación de servicios legales para adolescentes menores de 18 años parece ser fundamental. En Malaui, el entorno jurídico más restrictivo con relación al aborto, se ha logrado poco progreso hacia la CUS para adolescentes. En Zambia, a pesar de que desde hace muchos años se proporcionan servicios de aborto seguro y legal por una gran variedad de causales, los servicios limitados combinados con bajos niveles de conocimiento de la ley significan que aún no se han realizado los derechos combinados y las agendas técnicas de CUS. Nuestros análisis comparativos que muestran cómo se formulan las políticas y leyes tienen importantes implicaciones para la equidad y justicia.

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          The age of adolescence

          Adolescence is the phase of life stretching between childhood and adulthood, and its definition has long posed a conundrum. Adolescence encompasses elements of biological growth and major social role transitions, both of which have changed in the past century. Earlier puberty has accelerated the onset of adolescence in nearly all populations, while understanding of continued growth has lifted its endpoint age well into the 20s. In parallel, delayed timing of role transitions, including completion of education, marriage, and parenthood, continue to shift popular perceptions of when adulthood begins. Arguably, the transition period from childhood to adulthood now occupies a greater portion of the life course than ever before at a time when unprecedented social forces, including marketing and digital media, are affecting health and wellbeing across these years. An expanded and more inclusive definition of adolescence is essential for developmentally appropriate framing of laws, social policies, and service systems. Rather than age 10-19 years, a definition of 10-24 years corresponds more closely to adolescent growth and popular understandings of this life phase and would facilitate extended investments across a broader range of settings.
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            A mediation approach to understanding socio-economic inequalities in maternal health-seeking behaviours in Egypt

            Background The levels and origins of socio-economic inequalities in health-seeking behaviours in Egypt are poorly understood. This paper assesses the levels of health-seeking behaviours related to maternal care (antenatal care [ANC] and facility delivery) and their accumulation during pregnancy and childbirth. Secondly, it explores the mechanisms underlying the association between socio-economic position (SEP) and maternal health-seeking behaviours. Thirdly, it examines the effectiveness of targeting of free public ANC and delivery care. Methods Data from the 2008 Demographic and Health Survey were used to capture two latent constructs of SEP: individual socio-cultural capital and household-level economic capital. These variables were entered into an adjusted mediation model, predicting twelve dimensions of maternal health-seeking; including any ANC, private ANC, first ANC visit in first trimester, regular ANC (four or more visits during pregnancy), facility delivery, and private delivery. ANC and delivery care costs were examined separately by provider type (public or private). Results While 74.2% of women with a birth in the 5-year recall period obtained any ANC and 72.4% delivered in a facility, only 48.8% obtained the complete maternal care package (timely and regular facility-based ANC as well as facility delivery) for their most recent live birth. Both socio-cultural capital and economic capital were independently positively associated with receiving any ANC and delivering in a facility. The strongest direct effect of socio-cultural capital was seen in models predicting private provider use of both ANC and delivery. Despite substantial proportions of women using public providers reporting receipt of free care (ANC: 38%, delivery: 24%), this free-of-charge public care was not effectively targeted to women with lowest economic resources. Conclusions Socio-cultural capital is the primary mechanism leading to inequalities in maternal health-seeking in Egypt. Future studies should therefore examine the objective and perceived quality of care from different types of providers. Improvements in the targeting of free public care could help reduce the existing SEP-based inequalities in maternal care coverage in the short term. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12913-014-0652-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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              The social determinants of chronic disease management: perspectives of elderly patients with hypertension from low socio-economic background in Singapore

              Background In Singapore, the burden of hypertension disproportionately falls on the elderly population of low socio-economic status. Despite availability of effective treatment, studies have shown high prevalence of sub-optimal blood pressure control in this group. Poor hypertension management can be attributed to a number of personal factors including awareness, management skills and overall adherence to treatment. However, these factors are also closely linked to a broader range of community and policy factors. This paper explores the perceived social and physical environments of low socio-economic status and elderly patients with hypertension; and how the interplay of factors within these environments influences their ability to mobilise resources for hypertension management. Methods In-depth interviews were conducted in English, Chinese, Chinese dialects and Malay with 20 hypertensive patients of various ethnic backgrounds. Purposive sampling was adopted for recruitment of participants from a previous community health screening campaign. Interviews were translated into English and transcribed verbatim. We deductively analysed leveraging on the Social Model of Health to identify key themes, while inductive analysis was used simultaneously to allow sub-themes to emerge. Results and discussion Our finding shows that financing is an overarching topic embedded in most themes. Despite the availability of multiple safety nets, some patients were left out and lacked capital to navigate systems effectively, which resulted in delayed treatment or debt. The built environment played a significant role in enabling patients to access care easily and lead a more active lifestyle. A closer look is needed to enhance the capacity of patients with mobility challenges to enjoy equitable access. Furthermore, the establishment of community based elderly centres has enabled patients to engage in meaningful and healthy social activities. In contrast, participants’ descriptions showed that their communication with healthcare professionals remained brief, and that personalised and meaningful interactions that are context and culturally specific are essential to advocate for patients’ overall treatment adherence and lifestyle modification. Conclusion Elderly patients with hypertension from lower socio-economic background have various unmet needs in managing their hypertension and other comorbidities. These needs are closely related to broader societal factors such as socio-demographic characteristics, support systems, urban planning and public policies, and health systems factors. Policy decisions to address these needs require an integrated multi-sectoral approach grounded in the principles of health equity.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Sex Reprod Health Matters
                Sex Reprod Health Matters
                Sexual and Reproductive Health Matters
                Taylor & Francis
                2641-0397
                30 October 2020
                2020
                : 28
                : 2 , Universal Health Coverage: Sexual and Reproductive Rights in Focus
                : 1832291
                Affiliations
                [a ]Postdoctoral Fellow, Centre for Human Rights, University of Pretoria , Pretoria, South Africa
                [b ]Professor of Health and International Development, London School of Economics , London, UK. Correspondence, : e.coast@ 123456lse.ac.uk
                [c ]Senior Research Advisor, Ipas , Chapel Hill, NC, USA
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9433-8974
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8703-307X
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1921-1313
                Article
                1832291
                10.1080/26410397.2020.1832291
                7887923
                33121392
                86c5fb27-6692-4845-8e7e-4619eaedf8c3
                © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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                Figures: 0, Tables: 3, Equations: 0, References: 53, Pages: 15
                Categories
                Research Article
                Research Article

                abortion,adolescent,malawi,ethiopia,zambia,law,policy,universal health coverage

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