Study of anaemia in pregnancy and low birth weight in fluoride endemic area of Western Rajasthan: a cohort study

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Abstract

Background: Fluoride is a noxious element known to destroy gastrointestinal mucosa, leading to erythrocytes’ destruction and causing anaemia. The birth weight of newborn babies is a significant indicator of a child’s vulnerability to the risk of childhood diseases and chances of existence.

Methods: This prospective cohort study was planned to find linkages between fluorosis and the low-birth weight of newborn babies with anaemic mothers. Antenatal mothers until the 20th week of gestation were followed up till delivery in the Antenatal Clinic of a District Hospital in one of the known fluoride-endemic districts (Nagaur) and the other not-so-endemic district (Jodhpur) of Western Rajasthan.

Results: Around 19% of the newborn in Jodhpur and around 22% in Nagaur had low birth weight. Mean fluoride values in water samples were measured to be 0.57 (range from 0.0 to 2.7 PPM) in Jodhpur and 0.7 (range from 0.0 to 3.4 PPM) in Nagaur.

Conclusions: Thus, in fluoride endemic areas, other factors should be included besides iron and folic acid supplementation for improving anaemia in pregnant women. This calls for assessing the effectiveness of de-fluoridation activities along with the area’s most common indigenous food practices.

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Most cited references 48

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National, regional, and worldwide estimates of preterm birth rates in the year 2010 with time trends since 1990 for selected countries: a systematic analysis and implications.

Hannah Blencowe, Simon Cousens, Mikkel Z Oestergaard … (2012)

Preterm birth is the second largest direct cause of child deaths in children younger than 5 years. Yet, data regarding preterm birth (<37 completed weeks of gestation) are not routinely collected by UN agencies, and no systematic country estimates nor time trend analyses have been done. We report worldwide, regional, and national estimates of preterm birth rates for 184 countries in 2010 with time trends for selected countries, and provide a quantitative assessment of the uncertainty surrounding these estimates. We assessed various data sources according to prespecified inclusion criteria. National Registries (563 datapoints, 51 countries), Reproductive Health Surveys (13 datapoints, eight countries), and studies identified through systematic searches and unpublished data (162 datapoints, 40 countries) were included. 55 countries submitted additional data during WHO's country consultation process. For 13 countries with adequate quality and quantity of data, we estimated preterm birth rates using country-level loess regression for 2010. For 171 countries, two regional multilevel statistical models were developed to estimate preterm birth rates for 2010. We estimated time trends from 1990 to 2010 for 65 countries with reliable time trend data and more than 10,000 livebirths per year. We calculated uncertainty ranges for all countries. In 2010, an estimated 14·9 million babies (uncertainty range 12·3-18·1 million) were born preterm, 11·1% of all livebirths worldwide, ranging from about 5% in several European countries to 18% in some African countries. More than 60% of preterm babies were born in south Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, where 52% of the global livebirths occur. Preterm birth also affects rich countries, for example, USA has high rates and is one of the ten countries with the highest numbers of preterm births. Of the 65 countries with estimated time trends, only three (Croatia, Ecuador, and Estonia), had reduced preterm birth rates 1990-2010. The burden of preterm birth is substantial and is increasing in those regions with reliable data. Improved recording of all pregnancy outcomes and standard application of preterm definitions is important. We recommend the addition of a data-quality indicator of the per cent of all live preterm births that are under 28 weeks' gestation. Distinguishing preterm births that are spontaneous from those that are provider-initiated is important to monitor trends associated with increased caesarean sections. Rapid scale up of basic interventions could accelerate progress towards Millennium Development Goal 4 for child survival and beyond. Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation through grants to Child Health Epidemiology Reference Group (CHERG) and Save the Children's Saving Newborn Lives programme; March of Dimes; the Partnership for Maternal Newborn and Childe Health; and WHO, Department of Reproductive Health and Research. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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Maternal anemia and risk of adverse birth and health outcomes in low- and middle-income countries: systematic review and meta-analysis.

Md Mizanur Rahman, Sarah Krull Abe, Md. Rahman … (2016)

Anemia is a leading cause of maternal deaths and adverse pregnancy outcomes in developing countries.

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The worldwide incidence of preterm birth: a systematic review of maternal mortality and morbidity.

A Ouweland, Daniel Wojdyla, Ramkumar Menon … (2009)

To analyse preterm birth rates worldwide to assess the incidence of this public health problem, map the regional distribution of preterm births and gain insight into existing assessment strategies. Data on preterm birth rates worldwide were extracted during a previous systematic review of published and unpublished data on maternal mortality and morbidity reported between 1997 and 2002. Those data were supplemented through a complementary search covering the period 2003-2007. Region-specific multiple regression models were used to estimate the preterm birth rates for countries with no data. We estimated that in 2005, 12.9 million births, or 9.6% of all births worldwide, were preterm. Approximately 11 million (85%) of these preterm births were concentrated in Africa and Asia, while about 0.5 million occurred in each of Europe and North America (excluding Mexico) and 0.9 million in Latin America and the Caribbean. The highest rates of preterm birth were in Africa and North America (11.9% and 10.6% of all births, respectively), and the lowest were in Europe (6.2%). Preterm birth is an important perinatal health problem across the globe. Developing countries, especially those in Africa and southern Asia, incur the highest burden in terms of absolute numbers, although a high rate is also observed in North America. A better understanding of the causes of preterm birth and improved estimates of the incidence of preterm birth at the country level are needed to improve access to effective obstetric and neonatal care.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Pankaj Bhardwaj: Role: ConceptualizationRole: Formal AnalysisRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Writing – Original Draft Preparation

Neha Mantri: Role: ConceptualizationRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Project AdministrationRole: ResourcesRole: Writing – Original Draft Preparation

Nitin Kumar Joshi: Role: Data CurationRole: InvestigationRole: Supervision

Praveen Suthar: Role: Data CurationRole: Funding AcquisitionRole: SupervisionRole: Validation

Praveen Sharma: Role: Formal AnalysisRole: InvestigationRole: Project AdministrationRole: Visualization

Purvi Purohit: Role: InvestigationRole: Project AdministrationRole: Resources

ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8559-2911

Pratibha Singh: Role: ConceptualizationRole: Funding AcquisitionRole: Methodology

Shashank Shekhar: Role: Data CurationRole: Funding AcquisitionRole: InvestigationRole: Visualization

Shweta Khandelwal: Role: Formal AnalysisRole: MethodologyRole: Project Administration

Giribabu Dandabathula: Role: Formal AnalysisRole: InvestigationRole: Methodology

Pankaja Ravi Raghav: Role: Data CurationRole: InvestigationRole: Methodology

Nikky Ramawat: Role: Funding AcquisitionRole: SupervisionRole: ValidationRole: Visualization

Sanjeev Jain: Role: ConceptualizationRole: Funding AcquisitionRole: SupervisionRole: Validation

ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0004-3523-4541

Manoj Patil: Role: Data CurationRole: Writing – Original Draft Preparation

ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7126-5810

Abhay Gaidhane: Role: MethodologyRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – Original Draft Preparation

Zahiruddin Quazi Syed: Role: ConceptualizationRole: Formal AnalysisRole: Validation

ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5875-8277

Deepak Saxena: Role: ConceptualizationRole: MethodologyRole: Project AdministrationRole: Validation

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): F1000Res

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): F1000Res

Title: F1000Research

Publisher: F1000 Research Limited (London, UK )

ISSN (Electronic): 2046-1402

Publication date (Electronic): 5 June 2023

Publication date Collection: 2023

Volume: 12

Electronic Location Identifier: 602

Affiliations

[1 ]School of Public Health, All India Institute of Medical Sciences,, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India

[2 ]Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India

[3 ]Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India

[4 ]Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India

[5 ]Regional Remote Sensing Centre – West, National Remote Sensing Centre,, Indian Space Research Organization, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India

[6 ]State Health Department, Government of Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India

[7 ]Community Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, Maharashtra, India

[8 ]Adjunct Faculty, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, Maharashtra, India

[9 ]Epidemiology, Indian Institute of Public Health, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India

[1 ]Parul Institute of Public Health, Parul University, Vadodara, Gujarat, India

[1 ]Chiang Mai University and Maharaj Nakorn Chiang Mai Hospital, Chiang Mai, Thailand

[1 ]Department of Community Medicine, KLE Academy of Higher Education and Research J N Medical College, Belagavi, Karnataka, India

Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, India

Author notes

[a ] mpatil98dent@ 123456gmail.com

No competing interests were disclosed.

Competing interests: No competing interests were disclosed.

Competing interests: No competing Interests.

Author information

Purvi Purohit https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8559-2911

Sanjeev Jain https://orcid.org/0009-0004-3523-4541

Manoj Patil https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7126-5810

Zahiruddin Quazi Syed https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5875-8277

Article

DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.134720.1

PMC ID: 10822042

PubMed ID: 38283901

SO-VID: 851d9cca-1a1c-4336-bd0e-0784333a22db

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This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

History

Date accepted : 30 May 2023

Funding

Funded by: Public Health Research Initiative- Department of Science and Technology

The study was funded by the Public Health Research Initiative- Department of Science and Technology.

The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

Study of anaemia in pregnancy and low birth weight in fluoride endemic area of Western Rajasthan: a cohort study

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Most cited references 48

National, regional, and worldwide estimates of preterm birth rates in the year 2010 with time trends since 1990 for selected countries: a systematic analysis and implications.

Maternal anemia and risk of adverse birth and health outcomes in low- and middle-income countries: systematic review and meta-analysis.

The worldwide incidence of preterm birth: a systematic review of maternal mortality and morbidity.

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