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      Practice of preventive measures and vaccine hesitance for COVID 19 among households in The Gambia, 2021: Study protocol

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          Abstract

          The first imported confirmed case of COVID 19 was reported in The Gambia on 16 th of March 2020 which led to the implementation of relevant public health interventions to prevent further importation and spread of the virus. However, by 8th November 2021, the country had registered cumulatively 9.980 COVID-19 confirmed infection and 341 deaths. The country has developed and implemented Risk Communication and Community Engagement (RCCE) Action Plan since the declaration by WHO that COVID-19 outbreak was a global public health threat and its subsequent proclamation that outbreak was a pandemic. Despite these efforts to sensitize the communities, some Gambians are in denial and/or misinformed of the existence of infection in the country. It is also evident that social distancing and other restrictions have not been adequately implemented by the citizenry. Less 14% of The Gambian population have been vaccinated, and there is evidence of gross vaccine hesitancy and disbelief. There is urgent need to investigate the knowledge, attitude and practices among Gambians about preventive practices especially regarding accepting vaccination to control COVID 19. The proposed study will enrol 1200 households from seven Local Government Areas (LGAs). The findings of this study will inform the messaging and health promotion activities that will be used to better inform the population to ensure compliance and practice of preventive approaches (e.g., use of mask, vaccination)necessary to reduce the negative impact of COVID 19 outbreak in The Gambia. This will thus quicken the recovery process and the return to new normal life.

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          Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding

          Roujian Lu, Xiang Zhao, Juan Li … (2021)
          Summary Background In late December, 2019, patients presenting with viral pneumonia due to an unidentified microbial agent were reported in Wuhan, China. A novel coronavirus was subsequently identified as the causative pathogen, provisionally named 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). As of Jan 26, 2020, more than 2000 cases of 2019-nCoV infection have been confirmed, most of which involved people living in or visiting Wuhan, and human-to-human transmission has been confirmed. Methods We did next-generation sequencing of samples from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and cultured isolates from nine inpatients, eight of whom had visited the Huanan seafood market in Wuhan. Complete and partial 2019-nCoV genome sequences were obtained from these individuals. Viral contigs were connected using Sanger sequencing to obtain the full-length genomes, with the terminal regions determined by rapid amplification of cDNA ends. Phylogenetic analysis of these 2019-nCoV genomes and those of other coronaviruses was used to determine the evolutionary history of the virus and help infer its likely origin. Homology modelling was done to explore the likely receptor-binding properties of the virus. Findings The ten genome sequences of 2019-nCoV obtained from the nine patients were extremely similar, exhibiting more than 99·98% sequence identity. Notably, 2019-nCoV was closely related (with 88% identity) to two bat-derived severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-like coronaviruses, bat-SL-CoVZC45 and bat-SL-CoVZXC21, collected in 2018 in Zhoushan, eastern China, but were more distant from SARS-CoV (about 79%) and MERS-CoV (about 50%). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that 2019-nCoV fell within the subgenus Sarbecovirus of the genus Betacoronavirus, with a relatively long branch length to its closest relatives bat-SL-CoVZC45 and bat-SL-CoVZXC21, and was genetically distinct from SARS-CoV. Notably, homology modelling revealed that 2019-nCoV had a similar receptor-binding domain structure to that of SARS-CoV, despite amino acid variation at some key residues. Interpretation 2019-nCoV is sufficiently divergent from SARS-CoV to be considered a new human-infecting betacoronavirus. Although our phylogenetic analysis suggests that bats might be the original host of this virus, an animal sold at the seafood market in Wuhan might represent an intermediate host facilitating the emergence of the virus in humans. Importantly, structural analysis suggests that 2019-nCoV might be able to bind to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor in humans. The future evolution, adaptation, and spread of this virus warrant urgent investigation. Funding National Key Research and Development Program of China, National Major Project for Control and Prevention of Infectious Disease in China, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shandong First Medical University.
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            COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy Worldwide: A Concise Systematic Review of Vaccine Acceptance Rates

            Malik Sallam (2021)
            Utility of vaccine campaigns to control coronavirus 2019 disease (COVID-19) is not merely dependent on vaccine efficacy and safety. Vaccine acceptance among the general public and healthcare workers appears to have a decisive role in the successful control of the pandemic. The aim of this review was to provide an up-to-date assessment of COVID-19 vaccination acceptance rates worldwide. A systematic search of the peer-reviewed English survey literature indexed in PubMed was done on 25 December 2020. Results from 31 peer-reviewed published studies met the inclusion criteria and formed the basis for the final COVID-19 vaccine acceptance estimates. Survey studies on COVID-19 vaccine acceptance rates were found from 33 different countries. Among adults representing the general public, the highest COVID-19 vaccine acceptance rates were found in Ecuador (97.0%), Malaysia (94.3%), Indonesia (93.3%) and China (91.3%). However, the lowest COVID-19 vaccine acceptance rates were found in Kuwait (23.6%), Jordan (28.4%), Italy (53.7), Russia (54.9%), Poland (56.3%), US (56.9%), and France (58.9%). Only eight surveys among healthcare workers (doctors and nurses) were found, with vaccine acceptance rates ranging from 27.7% in the Democratic Republic of the Congo to 78.1% in Israel. In the majority of survey studies among the general public stratified per country (29/47, 62%), the acceptance of COVID-19 vaccination showed a level of ≥70%. Low rates of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance were reported in the Middle East, Russia, Africa and several European countries. This could represent a major problem in the global efforts to control the current COVID-19 pandemic. More studies are recommended to address the scope of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy. Such studies are particularly needed in the Middle East and North Africa, Sub-Saharan Africa, Eastern Europe, Central Asia, Middle and South America. Addressing the scope of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in various countries is recommended as an initial step for building trust in COVID-19 vaccination efforts.
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              The Nature and Extent of COVID-19 Vaccination Hesitancy in Healthcare Workers

              Nirbachita Biswas, Toheeb Mustapha, Jagdish Khubchandani … (2021)
              COVID-19 vaccines were approved in late 2020 and early 2021 for public use in countries across the world. Several studies have now highlighted COVID-19 vaccination hesitancy in the general public. However, little is known about the nature and extent of COVID-19 vaccination hesitancy in healthcare workers worldwide. Thus, the purpose of this study was to conduct a comprehensive worldwide assessment of published evidence on COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among healthcare workers. A scoping review method was adopted to include a final pool of 35 studies in this review with study sample size ranges from n = 123 to 16,158 (average = 2185 participants per study). The prevalence of COVID-19 vaccination hesitancy worldwide in healthcare workers ranged from 4.3 to 72% (average = 22.51% across all studies with 76,471 participants). The majority of the studies found concerns about vaccine safety, efficacy, and potential side effects as top reasons for COVID-19 vaccination hesitancy in healthcare workers. The majority of the studies also found that individuals who were males, of older age, and doctoral degree holders (i.e., physicians) were more likely to accept COVID-19 vaccines. Factors such as the higher perceived risk of getting infected with COVID-19, direct care for patients, and history of influenza vaccination were also found to increase COVID-19 vaccination uptake probability. Given the high prevalence of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in healthcare workers, communication and education strategies along with mandates for clinical workers should be considered to increase COVID-19 vaccination uptake in these individuals. Healthcare workers have a key role in reducing the burden of the pandemic, role modeling for preventive behaviors, and also, helping vaccinate others.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Bakary Sanneh:
                ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6188-9283
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: MethodologyRole: ValidationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Sainey Sanneh: Role: ConceptualizationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: SupervisionRole: ValidationRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draft
                Sharmila Lareef-Jah:
                ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6540-3247
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: SupervisionRole: ValidationRole: Writing – original draft
                Buba Darboe: Role: ConceptualizationRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – original draft
                Lamin L. Dibba: Role: MethodologyRole: SoftwareRole: ValidationRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draft
                Lamin F. Manjang: Role: MethodologyRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Yorro Bah: Role: MethodologyRole: ValidationRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Jalimory Suso: Role: MethodologyRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Phebian Ina Grant Sagnia: Role: MethodologyRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Modou Njai: Role: ConceptualizationRole: MethodologyRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Sana M. Sambou: Role: ConceptualizationRole: ValidationRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Sheikh Mohd Saleem: Role: Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): PLoS One
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): PLoS One
                Journal ID (publisher-id): plos
                Title: PLoS ONE
                Publisher: Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                ISSN (Electronic): 1932-6203
                Publication date (Electronic): 30 August 2022
                Publication date Collection: 2022
                Publication date PMC-release: 30 August 2022
                Volume: 17
                Issue: 8
                Electronic Location Identifier: e0270304
                Affiliations
                [1 ] National Public Health Laboratories, Ministry of Health, Bertil Herding Highway, Kotu, The Gambia
                [2 ] Directorate of Health Research, Ministry of Health, Banjul, The Gambia
                [3 ] World Health Organization, Country Office, Kotu, The Gambia
                [4 ] Directorate of Health Promotion and Education, Ministry of Health Bertil Herding Highway, Kotu, The Gambia
                [5 ] Gambia Bureau of Statistics, Ministry of Finance & Economic Affairs, Serekunda, The Gambia
                [6 ] Epidemiology and Disease Control Unit, Ministry of Health Bertil Herding Highway, Kotu, The Gambia
                UNICEF India, Government Medical College, INDIA
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: NO authors have competing interests.

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6188-9283
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6540-3247
                Article
                Publisher ID: PONE-D-21-36320
                DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0270304
                PMC ID: 9426907
                PubMed ID: 36040883
                SO-VID: 82984d8a-c533-4d58-b8f7-6f1d0b292f0a
                Copyright © © 2022 Sanneh et al
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                Date received : 16 November 2021
                Date accepted : 7 June 2022
                Page count
                Figures: 1, Tables: 2, Pages: 10
                Funding
                Funded by: World Health Organization,Country office the Gambia
                Award ID: AFGMB2018552
                Award Recipient :
                Will be Funded by World Health Country Office,The Gambia.Funding number of AFGMB2018552. The involvement of WHO country office staff does not influence the study design and represent the office in the study.
                Categories
                Subject: Study Protocol
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Medical Conditions
                Subject: Infectious Diseases
                Subject: Viral Diseases
                Subject: Covid 19
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Immunology
                Subject: Vaccination and Immunization
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Immunology
                Subject: Vaccination and Immunization
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Public and Occupational Health
                Subject: Preventive Medicine
                Subject: Vaccination and Immunization
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Medical Conditions
                Subject: Infectious Diseases
                Subject: Infectious Disease Control
                Subject: Vaccines
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Psychology
                Subject: Psychological Attitudes
                Subject: Social Sciences
                Subject: Psychology
                Subject: Psychological Attitudes
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Epidemiology
                Subject: Pandemics
                Subject: People and Places
                Subject: Geographical Locations
                Subject: Africa
                Subject: Gambia
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Public and Occupational Health
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Diagnostic Medicine
                Subject: Virus Testing
                Custom metadata
                Outbreaks COVID-19

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Uncategorized
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                ScienceOpen disciplines: Uncategorized

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