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      COVID-19 and corticosteroids: a narrative review

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          Abstract

          It has been reported that corticosteroid therapy was effective in the management of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), and recently in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Corticosteroids are potent anti-inflammatory drugs that mitigate the risk of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in COVID-19 and other viral pneumonia, despite a reduction of viral clearance; corticosteroids inhibit the development of cytokine storm and multi-organ damage. The risk–benefit ratio should be assessed for critical COVID-19 patients. In conclusion, corticosteroid therapy is an effective way in the management of COVID-19, it reduces the risk of complications primarily acute lung injury and the development of ARDS. Besides, corticosteroid therapy mainly dexamethasone and methylprednisolone are effective in reducing the severity of COVID-19 and associated comorbidities such as chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD), rheumatoid arthritis, and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).

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          Ultrastructural Characterization of the Lower Motor System in a Mouse Model of Krabbe Disease

          Valentina Cappello, Laura Marchetti, Paola Parlanti … (2016)
          Krabbe disease (KD) is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by the lack of β- galactosylceramidase enzymatic activity and by widespread accumulation of the cytotoxic galactosyl-sphingosine in neuronal, myelinating and endothelial cells. Despite the wide use of Twitcher mice as experimental model for KD, the ultrastructure of this model is partial and mainly addressing peripheral nerves. More details are requested to elucidate the basis of the motor defects, which are the first to appear during KD onset. Here we use transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to focus on the alterations produced by KD in the lower motor system at postnatal day 15 (P15), a nearly asymptomatic stage, and in the juvenile P30 mouse. We find mild effects on motorneuron soma, severe ones on sciatic nerves and very severe effects on nerve terminals and neuromuscular junctions at P30, with peripheral damage being already detectable at P15. Finally, we find that the gastrocnemius muscle undergoes atrophy and structural changes that are independent of denervation at P15. Our data further characterize the ultrastructural analysis of the KD mouse model, and support recent theories of a dying-back mechanism for neuronal degeneration, which is independent of demyelination.
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            Association Between Administration of Systemic Corticosteroids and Mortality Among Critically Ill Patients With COVID-19: A Meta-analysis

            Jonathan A. C. Sterne, Srinivas Murthy, Janet V. Diaz … (2021)
            Effective therapies for patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are needed, and clinical trial data have demonstrated that low-dose dexamethasone reduced mortality in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 who required respiratory support.
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              SARS-CoV-2: A Storm is Raging

              Savannah F. Pedersen, Ya-Chi Ho (2020)
              The pandemic coronavirus infectious disease (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is rapidly spreading across the globe. In this issue of the JCI, Chen and colleagues compared the clinical and immunological characteristics between moderate and severe COVID-19. The authors found that respiratory distress on admission is associated with unfavorable outcomes. Increased cytokine levels (IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α), lymphopenia (in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells), and decreased IFN-γ expression in CD4+ T cells are associated with severe COVID-19. Overall, this study characterized the cytokine storm in severe COVID-19 and provides insights into immune therapeutics and vaccine design.
              Article 0 comments Cited 637 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Gaber El-Saber Batiha: gaberbatiha@gmail.com
                Ali I. Al-Gareeb: Dr.alialgareeb78@yahoo.com
                Hebatallah M. Saad:
                ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9555-7300
                heba.magdy@mau.edu.eg
                Hayder M. Al-kuraishy: Hayderm36@yahoo.com
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Inflammopharmacology
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Inflammopharmacology
                Title: Inflammopharmacology
                Publisher: Springer International Publishing (Cham )
                ISSN (Print): 0925-4692
                ISSN (Electronic): 1568-5608
                Publication date (Electronic): 13 May 2022
                Publication date PMC-release: 13 May 2022
                Pages: 1-17
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.449014.c, ISNI 0000 0004 0583 5330, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, , Damanhour University, ; Damanhour, 22511 AlBeheira Egypt
                [2 ]Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, Mustansiriyiah University, Baghdad, Iraq
                [3 ]Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Matrouh University, Matrouh, 51744 Matrouh Egypt
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9555-7300
                Article
                Publisher ID: 987
                DOI: 10.1007/s10787-022-00987-z
                PMC ID: 9106274
                PubMed ID: 35562628
                SO-VID: 811b364f-46a9-4c37-9762-b80d699fb539
                Copyright © © The Author(s) 2022
                License:

                Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                Date received : 13 March 2022
                Date accepted : 30 March 2022
                Funding
                Funded by: Matrouh University
                Open Access :

                Open access funding provided by The Science, Technology & Innovation Funding Authority (STDF) in cooperation with The Egyptian Knowledge Bank (EKB).

                Categories
                Subject: Review

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical medicine
                Keywords: corticosteroids,covid-19,comorbidities
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical medicine
                Keywords: corticosteroids, covid-19, comorbidities

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