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      Hikikomori. Las voces silenciosas de la sociedad japonesa Translated title: Hikikomori. The Silent Voices of Japanese Society

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          Abstract

          Resumen El término hikikomori identifica tanto a un fenómeno como al individuo que tiende a aislarse socialmente y que afecta primordialmente a adolescentes o jóvenes que se encierran en sus habitaciones por seis o más meses. Este síndrome está siendo más estudiado desde la psicología; sin embargo las investigaciones incluyen los efectos que sobre este sector de la población tienen los cambios sociales que permean la sociedad japonesa de hoy. Elementos culturales, como la pertenencia al grupo, el honor y el éxito, contribuyen a crear un ambiente más complejo para la realización de los jóvenes, generando un sentimiento de frustración. En aras de no ser criticado o cuestionado sobre su desempeño, se aíslan. Es relevante hacer aquí una revisión de los estudios más conocidos sobre el tema, así como los factores culturales de Japón y las acciones emprendidas por el gobierno; considerando que este fenómeno no es exclusivo de la sociedad japonesa y que dadas las presiones sociales y la falta de oportunidades en la sociedad global actual, representa hoy un riesgo para la juventud en general.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract Hikikomori identifies both a phenomenon and a person who tends to socially isolate. It primarily affects adolescents or young people who lock themselves in their rooms for six or more months. This syndrome is being studied more from the psychology approach; nevertheless research includes the impact that social changes have had on Japanese youth today. Cultural elements, such as belonging to the group, honor, and success, contribute to create a more complex environment for the realization of young people, causing a feeling of frustration. Young people, in order not to be criticized or questioned about their performance, they rather isolate. It is important to review the most well-known studies on the subject, as well as the cultural factors of Japan and the actions undertaken by the Government; considering that this phenomenon is not exclusive to Japanese society and that given the social pressures and lack of opportunities in today’s global society, it represents a risk for youth in general.

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          Does the 'hikikomori' syndrome of social withdrawal exist outside Japan? A preliminary international investigation.

          To explore whether the 'hikikomori' syndrome (social withdrawal) described in Japan exists in other countries, and if so, how patients with the syndrome are diagnosed and treated. Two hikikomori case vignettes were sent to psychiatrists in Australia, Bangladesh, India, Iran, Japan, Korea, Taiwan, Thailand and the USA. Participants rated the syndrome's prevalence in their country, etiology, diagnosis, suicide risk, and treatment. Out of 247 responses to the questionnaire (123 from Japan and 124 from other countries), 239 were enrolled in the analysis. Respondents' felt the hikikomori syndrome is seen in all countries examined and especially in urban areas. Biopsychosocial, cultural, and environmental factors were all listed as probable causes of hikikomori, and differences among countries were not significant. Japanese psychiatrists suggested treatment in outpatient wards and some did not think that psychiatric treatment is necessary. Psychiatrists in other countries opted for more active treatment such as hospitalization. Patients with the hikikomori syndrome are perceived as occurring across a variety of cultures by psychiatrists in multiple countries. Our results provide a rational basis for study of the existence and epidemiology of hikikomori in clinical or community populations in international settings.
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            Hikikomori, a Japanese culture-bound syndrome of social withdrawal?: A proposal for DSM-5.

            A form of severe social withdrawal, called hikikomori, has been frequently described in Japan and is characterized by adolescents and young adults who become recluses in their parents' homes, unable to work or go to school for months or years. The aim of this study was to review the evidence for hikikomori as a new psychiatric disorder. Electronic and manual literature searches were used to gather information on social withdrawal and hikikomori, including studies examining case definitions, epidemiology, and diagnosis. A number of recent empirical studies have emerged from Japan. The majority of such cases of hikikomori are classifiable as a variety of existing Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) psychiatric disorders. However, a notable subset of cases with substantial psychopathology does not meet criteria for any existing psychiatric disorder. We suggest hikikomori may be considered a culture-bound syndrome and merits further international research into whether it meets accepted criteria as a new psychiatric disorder. Research diagnostic criteria for the condition are proposed.
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              The Japanese hikikomori phenomenon: acute social withdrawal among young people

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Journal
                mcp
                México y la cuenca del pacífico
                Méx.cuenca pac
                Universidad de Guadalajara, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades, Departamento de Estudios del Pacífico (Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico )
                2007-5308
                August 2019
                : 8
                : 23
                : 123-138
                Affiliations
                [1] Colima Colima orgnameUniversidad de Colima orgdiv1Facultad de Ciencias Políticas y Sociales Mexico meromero@ 123456ucol.mx
                Article
                S2007-53082019000200123
                10.32870/mycp.v8i23.561
                7ffdcae7-9a5a-45eb-a4a1-dff43a4884a0

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 18 January 2019
                : 26 September 2018
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 23, Pages: 16
                Product

                SciELO Mexico

                Categories
                Análisis

                youth,hikikomori,Japanese society,unemployment,crisis,sociedad japonesa,desempleo,jóvenes

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