Pharmacokinetics of single dose doxycycline in the rectum, vagina, and urethra: implications for prevention of bacterial sexually transmitted infections

Summary

Background

Clinical trials showed a single oral dose of doxycycline taken after sex protects against STIs among men who have sex with men (MSM) but not women. Pharmacokinetic data at vaginal, rectal and penile sites of STI exposure are lacking. We examined vaginal, rectal and urethral doxycycline concentrations in men and women to better inform STI prevention.

Methods

Doxycycline pharmacokinetics in male and female participants 18–59 years of age were evaluated in blood and urine and on rectal and vaginal swabs collected at 1, 2, 4, 8, 24, 48, 72, 96 and 168 h after receiving a 200 mg oral doxycycline dose in a non-randomised single dose open label single centre study in Atlanta, Georgia. Rectal, vaginal, and cervical biopsies and male urethral swabs were collected 24 h after dosing (Trial registration: NCT04860505). Doxycycline was measured by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.

Findings

Eleven male and nine female participants participated in the study. Doxycycline concentrations on rectal and vaginal swabs collected up to 96 h after dosing were approximately twice those of plasma and remained above minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for at least four, three, and two days for Chlamydia trachomatis, Treponema pallidum, and tetracycline-sensitive Neisseria gonorrhoeae, respectively. Geometric mean doxycycline concentrations in male urethral secretions (1.166 μg/mL; 95% CI 0.568–2.394 μg/mL), male rectal (0.596 μg/g; 0.442–0.803 μg/g), vaginal (0.261 μg/g; 0.098–0.696 μg/g) and cervical tissue (0.410 μg/g; 0.193–0.870 μg/g) in biopsies collected 24 h after dosing exceeded MICs. Plasma and urine doxycycline levels defined adherence markers up to four and seven days postdosing, respectively. No adverse events were reported in this study.

Interpretation

Doxycycline efficiently distributes to the rectum, vagina and urethra. Findings can help explain efficacy of STI prevention by doxycycline.

Funding

Funded by doi 10.13039/100000030, CDC; intramural funds, CDC contract HCVJCG-2020-45044 (to CFK).