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      Error assessment and correction for extrusion-based bioprinting using computer vision method

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          Abstract

          299Bioprinting offers a new approach to addressing the organ shortage crisis. Despite recent technological advances, insufficient printing resolution continues to be one of the reasons that impede the development of bioprinting. Normally, machine axes movement cannot be reliably used to predict material placement, and the printing path tends to deviate from the predetermined designed reference trajectory in varying degrees. Therefore, a computer vision-based method was proposed in this study to correct trajectory deviation and improve printing accuracy. The image algorithm calculated the deviation between the printed trajectory and the reference trajectory to generate an error vector. Furthermore, the axes trajectory was modified according to the normal vector approach in the second printing to compensate for the deviation error. The highest correction efficiency that could be achieved was 91%. More significantly, we discovered that the correction results, for the first time, were in a normal distribution instead of a random distribution.

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          Most cited references38

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          3D bioprinting of collagen to rebuild components of the human heart

          Collagen is the primary component of the extracellular matrix in the human body. It has proved challenging to fabricate collagen scaffolds capable of replicating the structure and function of tissues and organs. We present a method to 3D-bioprint collagen using freeform reversible embedding of suspended hydrogels (FRESH) to engineer components of the human heart at various scales, from capillaries to the full organ. Control of pH-driven gelation provides 20-micrometer filament resolution, a porous microstructure that enables rapid cellular infiltration and microvascularization, and mechanical strength for fabrication and perfusion of multiscale vasculature and tri-leaflet valves. We found that FRESH 3D-bioprinted hearts accurately reproduce patient-specific anatomical structure as determined by micro–computed tomography. Cardiac ventricles printed with human cardiomyocytes showed synchronized contractions, directional action potential propagation, and wall thickening up to 14% during peak systole.
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            Current advances and future perspectives in extrusion-based bioprinting.

            Extrusion-based bioprinting (EBB) is a rapidly growing technology that has made substantial progress during the last decade. It has great versatility in printing various biologics, including cells, tissues, tissue constructs, organ modules and microfluidic devices, in applications from basic research and pharmaceutics to clinics. Despite the great benefits and flexibility in printing a wide range of bioinks, including tissue spheroids, tissue strands, cell pellets, decellularized matrix components, micro-carriers and cell-laden hydrogels, the technology currently faces several limitations and challenges. These include impediments to organ fabrication, the limited resolution of printed features, the need for advanced bioprinting solutions to transition the technology bench to bedside, the necessity of new bioink development for rapid, safe and sustainable delivery of cells in a biomimetically organized microenvironment, and regulatory concerns to transform the technology into a product. This paper, presenting a first-time comprehensive review of EBB, discusses the current advancements in EBB technology and highlights future directions to transform the technology to generate viable end products for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
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              Proposal to assess printability of bioinks for extrusion-based bioprinting and evaluation of rheological properties governing bioprintability.

              The development and formulation of printable inks for extrusion-based 3D bioprinting has been a major challenge in the field of biofabrication. Inks, often polymer solutions with the addition of crosslinking to form hydrogels, must not only display adequate mechanical properties for the chosen application but also show high biocompatibility as well as printability. Here we describe a reproducible two-step method for the assessment of the printability of inks for bioprinting, focussing firstly on screening ink formulations to assess fibre formation and the ability to form 3D constructs before presenting a method for the rheological evaluation of inks to characterise the yield point, shear thinning and recovery behaviour. In conjunction, a mathematical model was formulated to provide a theoretical understanding of the pressure-driven, shear thinning extrusion of inks through needles in a bioprinter. The assessment methods were trialled with a commercially available crème, poloxamer 407, alginate-based inks and an alginate-gelatine composite material. Yield stress was investigated by applying a stress ramp to a number of inks, which demonstrated the necessity of high yield for printable materials. The shear thinning behaviour of the inks was then characterised by quantifying the degree of shear thinning and using the mathematical model to predict the window of printer operating parameters in which the materials could be printed. Furthermore, the model predicted high shear conditions and high residence times for cells at the walls of the needle and effects on cytocompatibility at different printing conditions. Finally, the ability of the materials to recover to their original viscosity after extrusion was examined using rotational recovery rheological measurements. Taken together, these assessment techniques revealed significant insights into the requirements for printable inks and shear conditions present during the extrusion process and allow the rapid and reproducible characterisation of a wide variety of inks for bioprinting.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Int J Bioprint
                Int J Bioprint
                Whioce Publishing Pte. Ltd.
                International Journal of Bioprinting
                Whioce Publishing Pte. Ltd.
                2424-7723
                2424-8002
                2023
                16 November 2022
                : 9
                : 1
                : 644
                Affiliations
                [1 ]State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Material Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
                [2 ]National Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
                [3 ]Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Bone and Joint Degenerative Diseases, Baise, 533000, Guangxi, China
                [4 ]3D Printing Clinical Translational and Regenerative Medicine Center, Shenzhen Shekou People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, 518060, China
                [5 ]Department of Stomatology, Shenzhen Shekou People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, 518060, China
                Author notes
                [* ] Corresponding authors: Jia Liu ( liujia@ 123456ymcn.edu.cn ) Yujin Tang( tangyujin@ 123456ymcn.edu.cn ) Liqiang Wang( wang_liqiang@ 123456sjtu.edu.cn )
                Article
                IJB-9-1-644
                10.18063/ijb.v9i1.644
                9947486
                7c379c83-988e-4b01-b340-28232a83cf31
                Copyright: © 2022 Liu et al.

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, permitting distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 14 July 2022
                : 30 August 2022
                Categories
                Research Article

                bioprinting,computer vision,error detection,sobel operator

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