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      Calculated Antibiosis of Acute Cholangitis and Cholecystitis

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          Abstract

          Background

          The aim of this article is to present the most recent suggestions for the therapy of acute cholangitis and cholecystitis based on a review of the current literature.

          Methods

          We performed a systematic literature search in the Medline, PubMed, and Google Scholar databases using the keywords mentioned above. This article is strongly influenced by the publication of the Tokyo Guidelines for the management of acute cholangitis and cholecystitis (TG07, TG13) in 2007 and 2013. These were the first practical guidelines targeting diagnosis and treatment of acute cholangitis and cholecystitis. These guidelines are based on the best published evidence and a consensus conference of international experts in the field.

          Results and Conclusion

          Acute cholangitis and acute cholecystitis are common conditions that may result in progressively severe infection and death when not treated appropriately. Beside supportive therapy and antiobstructive measures, therapy with antimicrobial agents is an important component in the management of affected patients. Here, we discuss the use of antimicrobial agents that are suitable for the first-line management of these infections. Empirical therapy depends upon the knowledge of local microbial epidemiology and patient-specific factors affecting the selection of appropriate agents.

          Zusammenfassung

          Hintergrund

          In diesem Artikel sollen aktuelle Empfehlungen zur antimikrobiellen Therapie der akuten Cholangitis und Cholezystitis basierend auf einer Literaturrecherche präsentiert werden.

          Methoden

          Es wurde eine systematische Literaturrecherche der oben angegebenen Schlüsselwörter in den Datenbanken Medline, PubMed und Google Scholar durchgeführt. Der Artikel ist stark beeinflusst von den Veröffentlichungen der «Tokyo Guidelines» zur Behandlung der akuten Cholangitis und Cholezystitis. Hierbei handelte es sich um die ersten konkreten Empfehlungen zur Diagnose und Behandlung der akuten Cholangitis und Cholezystitis basierend auf den Veröffentlichungen zu diesem Thema sowie einer Konsensuskonferenz.

          Ergebnisse und Schlussfolgerung

          Die akute Cholangitis und Cholezystitis sind häufige Erkrankungen, die, wenn nicht adäquat behandelt, zu fortschreitenden schweren Infektionen und Tod führen können. Neben supportiver Therapie und antiobstruktiven Maßnahmen stellt eine antimikrobielle Therapie einen wichtigen Teil der Behandlung bei betroffenen Patienten dar. Die zur initialen Therapie dieser Erkrankungen geeigneten antimikrobiellen Substanzen sollen hier diskutiert werden. Die empirische Therapie basiert dabei auf der Kenntnis der lokalen mikrobiellen Epidemiologie und auf patientenspezifischen Faktoren, welche die Auswahl geeigneter Substanzen beeinflussen.

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          Most cited references24

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          TG13 antimicrobial therapy for acute cholangitis and cholecystitis.

          Therapy with appropriate antimicrobial agents is an important component in the management of patients with acute cholangitis and/or acute cholecystitis. In the updated Tokyo Guidelines (TG13), we recommend antimicrobial agents that are suitable from a global perspective for management of these infections. These recommendations focus primarily on empirical therapy (presumptive therapy), provided before the infecting isolates are identified. Such therapy depends upon knowledge of both local microbial epidemiology and patient-specific factors that affect selection of appropriate agents. These patient-specific factors include prior contact with the health care system, and we separate community-acquired versus healthcare-associated infections because of the higher risk of resistance in the latter. Selection of agents for community-acquired infections is also recommended on the basis of severity (grades I-III). Free full-text articles and a mobile application of TG13 are available via http://www.jshbps.jp/en/guideline/tg13.html.
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            New diagnostic criteria and severity assessment of acute cholangitis in revised Tokyo guidelines

            Background The Tokyo Guidelines for the management of acute cholangitis and cholecystitis were published in 2007 (TG07) and have been widely cited in the world literature. Because of new information that has been published since 2007, we organized the Tokyo Guidelines Revision Committee to conduct a multicenter analysis to develop the updated Tokyo Guidelines (TG13). Methods/materials We retrospectively analyzed 1,432 biliary disease cases where acute cholangitis was suspected. The cases were collected from multiple tertiary care centers in Japan. The ‘gold standard’ for acute cholangitis in this study was that one of the three following conditions was present: (1) purulent bile was observed; (2) clinical remission following bile duct drainage; or (3) remission was achieved by antibacterial therapy alone, in patients in whom the only site of infection was the biliary tree. Comparisons were made for the validity of each diagnostic criterion among TG13, TG07 and Charcot’s triad. Results The major changes in diagnostic criteria of TG07 were re-arrangement of the diagnostic items and exclusion of abdominal pain from the diagnostic list. The sensitivity improved from 82.8 % (TG07) to 91.8 % (TG13). While the specificity was similar to TG07, the false positive rate in cases of acute cholecystitis was reduced from 15.5 to 5.9 %. The sensitivity of Charcot’s triad was only 26.4 % but the specificity was 95.6 %. However, the false positive rate in cases of acute cholecystitis was 11.9 % and not negligible. As for severity grading, Grade II (moderate) acute cholangitis is defined as being associated with any two of the significant prognostic factors which were derived from evidence presented recently in the literature. The factors chosen allow severity assessment to be performed soon after diagnosis of acute cholangitis. Conclusion TG13 present a new standard for the diagnosis, severity grading, and management of acute cholangitis.
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              Surgical versus endoscopic treatment of bile duct stones.

              Between 10% to 18% of people undergoing cholecystectomy for gallstones have common bile duct stones. Treatment of the bile duct stones can be conducted as open cholecystectomy plus open common bile duct exploration or laparoscopic cholecystectomy plus laparoscopic common bile duct exploration (LC + LCBDE) versus pre- or post-cholecystectomy endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in two stages, usually combined with either sphincterotomy (commonest) or sphincteroplasty (papillary dilatation) for common bile duct clearance. The benefits and harms of the different approaches are not known.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Viszeralmedizin
                Viszeralmedizin
                VIM
                Viszeralmedizin
                S. Karger Verlag für Medizin und Naturwissenschaften GmbH (Wilhelmstrasse 20A, P.O. Box · Postfach · Case postale, D–79095, Freiburg, Germany · Deutschland · Allemagne, Phone: +49 761 45 20 70, Fax: +49 761 4 52 07 14, information@karger.de )
                1662-6664
                1662-6672
                October 2014
                6 October 2014
                1 October 2015
                : 30
                : 5
                : 297-302
                Affiliations
                1. Department of Medicine, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
                Author notes
                *Dr. med. Stefan Schmiedel, 1. Department of Medicine, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany, sschmiedel@ 123456bni-hamburg.de
                Article
                vim-0030-0297
                10.1159/000368335
                4571718
                26535043
                7bffc537-e4f7-43dd-9281-40af4f5b35d7
                Copyright © 2014 by S. Karger Verlag für Medizin und Naturwissenschaften GmbH, Freiburg
                History
                Page count
                Tables: 7, References: 26, Pages: 6
                Categories
                Review Article · Übersichtsarbeit

                biliary infection,acute cholangitis,acute cholecystitis,antimicrobial therapy,calculated antimicrobial therapy,empirical therapy,presumptive therapy,antibiotic therapy

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