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      La actividad eruptiva del volcán Turrialba (Costa Rica) en el siglo XIX: reinterpretación de los documentos históricos y de los depósitos Translated title: The eruptive activity of Turrialba volcano (Costa Rica) in the XIX century: reinterpretation of historical documents and deposits

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          Abstract

          Resumen La literatura vulcanológica internacional cita la actividad eruptiva del Turrialba restringida mayoritariamente a los años 1864-1866. Sin embargo, con base en una reinterpretación de los documentos históricos y el aporte de las dataciones de radiocarbono junto con las secciones estratigráficas, se evidenció que el Turrialba presentó al menos entre 1847 y 1863 un paulatino reactivar con columnas de gases vistas desde la distancia, vegetación quemada, llamas y ruidos. Entre el 17 de agosto de 1864 y con seguridad hasta febrero de 1866, o quizás incluso marzo o mayo de 1866, presentó la fase paroxísmica de erupciones importantes en la que se produjeron lahares y caída de cenizas en el Valle Central y en Puntarenas (125 km). Finalmente, entre junio de 1866 y 1881, la actividad eruptiva fue aparentemente esporádica con intensa actividad exhalativa. El único cráter activo fue el más occidental con dos o tres intrabocas. Los depósitos iniciales fueron freatomagmáticos, pobres en fragmentos juveniles (freatovulcanianos), ricos en clastos muy hidrotermalizados, con un incremento paulatino de los juveniles en el tiempo, presentándose corrientes de densidad piroclástica, alternando con fases estrombolianas. La actividad culmina con una fase estromboliana rica en balística y posiblemente con un chorro oblicuo. El volumen total estimado es de ~0,01 km3. Los componentes juveniles son de composición predominantemente basáltica transición a andesita basáltica (SiO2 50,57-53,20 wt%) con vesículas redondeadas (12-56 % vol.) y una textura hipocristalina porfirítica (30-40 % vol. fenocristales) con fenocristales de labradoritas a bytownita (14-27 % vol., An51-88), augita (~20 % vol., Wo37-46En42-46Fs7-15), variando a miembros más cálcicos (endiópsido, diópsido y salita), olivino (~10 % vol., Fo70-88), en una matriz con microlitos de labradorita (An50-68), olivino (Fo71-75), minerales opacos (magnetita cromífera) y poco ortopiroxeno (<1 % vol.). Sin embargo, se presentan variaciones amplias en el espectro cuando se analizan los vidrios, desde andesitas basálticas, andesitas, traquiandesitas basálticas, traquiandesitas e incluso riolitas. El modelo de fragmentación y transporte secuencial SFT (Sequential Fragmentation-Transport, por su nombre en inglés) fue aplicado en su versión ampliada de Modelo Fractal con un doble propósito: aumentar la información sobre el evento eruptivo que las originó, así como comparar los posibles mecanismos de transporte que se pueden deducir del modelo con aquellos que se obtienen a partir de los análisis tradicionales. Se encontró una buena concordancia con los eventos estrombolianos, aunque fue parcial con los freatomagmáticos.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract The volcanological literature typically states that the eruptive activity at Turrialba was mostly restricted within the period of 1864-1866. However, it appears that a gradual reactivation occurred, with columns of gases seen from afar, burnt vegetation, “flames” and noises. Between the 17th of August 1864 and certainly until February, or even March or May, 1866 there were important eruptions with lahar events and ash fall in the Valle Central and in Puntarenas (125 km). Finally, between June of 1866 and 1881, the eruptive activity was apparently sporadic with intense exhalation activity. The only active crater was the westernmost one with two or three small eruptive vents. The initial deposits were possibly phreatomagmatic, poor in juvenile fragments but rich in hydrothermally altered clasts, with gradual increase in juvenile content with time, and the development of pyroclastic density currents alternating with minor Strombolian phases. The activity culminates with a Strombolian phase being rich in ballistics and possibly with an oblique jet component. The total estimated volume is of ~0,01 km3. The juvenile components are predominantly basaltic transitional to basaltic andesitic (SiO2 50.57 - 53.20 wt%) with rounded vesicles (12 -56% vol.) and a porphyritic hypocrystalline texture (30 - 40% vol. phenocrysts) with labradorites to bytownite (<25% vol., An51-88), augite (~20% vol., Wo37-46-En42-46Fs7-15), varying to calcic members (endiopsid, diopside and salt), olivine (~10% vol., Fo70-88), in a matrix with microliths of labradorite (An50-68), olivine (Fo71-75), opaque minerals (chromite magnetite) and little orthopyroxene (<1% vol.). However, there are a strong variation in the compositional spectrum when glasses are analyzed, from basaltic andesite to andesites, basaltic trachyandesites, trachyandesites, and even rhyolites. The fragmentation and sequential transport model Sequential Fragmentation-Transport (SFT) was applied in its expanded version of the Fractal Model with a double purpose: to increase the information about the eruptive event that originated them, as well as to compare the possible transport mechanisms that may be deduced from the model with those obtained from traditional analyzes. Good concordance has been encountered with strombolian events, although it was partially also with phreatomagmatic ones.

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          Particle size distributions and the sequential fragmentation/transport theory applied to volcanic ash

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            Turmoil at Turrialba Volcano (Costa Rica): Degassing and eruptive processes inferred from high‐frequency gas monitoring

            Abstract Eruptive activity at Turrialba Volcano (Costa Rica) has escalated significantly since 2014, causing airport and school closures in the capital city of San José. Whether or not new magma is involved in the current unrest seems probable but remains a matter of debate as ash deposits are dominated by hydrothermal material. Here we use high‐frequency gas monitoring to track the behavior of the volcano between 2014 and 2015 and to decipher magmatic versus hydrothermal contributions to the eruptions. Pulses of deeply derived CO2‐rich gas (CO2/Stotal > 4.5) precede explosive activity, providing a clear precursor to eruptive periods that occurs up to 2 weeks before eruptions, which are accompanied by shallowly derived sulfur‐rich magmatic gas emissions. Degassing modeling suggests that the deep magmatic reservoir is ~8–10 km deep, whereas the shallow magmatic gas source is at ~3–5 km. Two cycles of degassing and eruption are observed, each attributed to pulses of magma ascending through the deep reservoir to shallow crustal levels. The magmatic degassing signals were overprinted by a fluid contribution from the shallow hydrothermal system, modifying the gas compositions, contributing volatiles to the emissions, and reflecting complex processes of scrubbing, displacement, and volatilization. H2S/SO2 varies over 2 orders of magnitude through the monitoring period and demonstrates that the first eruptive episode involved hydrothermal gases, whereas the second did not. Massive degassing (>3000 T/d SO2 and H2S/SO2 > 1) followed, suggesting boiling off of the hydrothermal system. The gas emissions show a remarkable shift to purely magmatic composition (H2S/SO2 < 0.05) during the second eruptive period, reflecting the depletion of the hydrothermal system or the establishment of high‐temperature conduits bypassing remnant hydrothermal reservoirs, and the transition from phreatic to phreatomagmatic eruptive activity.
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              The route to self-similarity in turbulent jets and plumes

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                rgac
                Revista Geológica de América Central
                Rev. Geol. Amér. Central
                Universidad de Costa Rica (San Pedro de Montes de Oca, San José, Costa Rica )
                0256-7024
                0256-7024
                June 2021
                : 64
                : 16-57
                Affiliations
                [8] Turrialba orgnameSistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación (Sinac) orgdiv1Parque Nacional Volcán Turrialba Costa Rica
                [6] Andalucía orgnameUniversidad de Granada orgdiv1Departamento de Geodinámica orgdiv2Campus Fuentenueva Spain
                [4] orgnameUniversidad Nacional orgdiv1Observatorio Vulcanológico y Sismológico de Costa Rica (Ovsicori) Costa Rica
                [2] orgnameUniversidad de Costa Rica orgdiv1Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Geológicas (CICG) Costa Rica
                [7] orgnameUniversidad Nacional orgdiv1Escuela de Ciencias Geográficas Costa Rica
                [1] San José orgnameComisión Nacional de Prevención y Atención de Emergencias (CNE) orgdiv1Unidad de Investigación y Análisis del Riesgo Costa Rica galvaradoi@ 123456ice.go.cr
                [5] San José orgnameCentro Nacional de Alta Tecnología (Cenat) orgdiv1Laboratorio Nacional de Nanotecnología (Lanotec) Costa Rica
                [3] San Rafael Heredia orgnameRed Ciudadana de Estaciones Meteorológicas Costa Rica
                Article
                S0256-70242021000100016 S0256-7024(21)00006400016
                10.15517/rgac.v0i64.46617
                7715101a-7602-4c3f-8ab3-f82299470cc0

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 International License.

                History
                : 15 January 2021
                : 03 October 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 68, Pages: 42
                Product

                SciELO Costa Rica

                Categories
                Artículo

                Costa Rica,Eruptive activity,XIX Century,SFT,Turrialba Volcano,actividad eruptiva,siglo XIX,volcán Turrialba

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