One Drop Improves Productivity for Workers With Type 2 Diabetes :  One Drop for Workers With Type 2 Diabetes

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Abstract

Improving diabetes management skills and reducing diabetes-related distress in working adults with type 2 diabetes has implications for work-related outcomes including work productivity. Digital health programs have the potential to positively impact diabetes management and, in turn, improve the productivity of working-age adults.

Objective

Diabetes research on work productivity has been largely cross-sectional and retrospective, with only one known randomized controlled trial (RCT) published, to our knowledge. Secondary analysis of the Fit-One RCT tested the effect of One Drop’s digital health program on workplace productivity outcomes, absenteeism, and presenteeism, for employees and specifically for older workers with type 2 diabetes.

Methods

Analysis of the 3-month Fit-One trial data from employees who have type 2 diabetes explored productivity using logistic analyses and generalized estimating equations.

Results

Treatment and control group comparisons showed that workers ( N = 125) using One Drop see direct benefits to workplace productivity, which leads to productivity savings for employers.

Conclusion

This was the first RCT to demonstrate that a mobile health application for managing type 2 diabetes can positively affect productivity at work.

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Most cited references 37

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Economic Costs of Diabetes in the U.S. in 2017

(2018)

OBJECTIVE This study updates previous estimates of the economic burden of diagnosed diabetes and quantifies the increased health resource use and lost productivity associated with diabetes in 2017. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We use a prevalence-based approach that combines the demographics of the U.S. population in 2017 with diabetes prevalence, epidemiological data, health care cost, and economic data into a Cost of Diabetes Model. Health resource use and associated medical costs are analyzed by age, sex, race/ethnicity, insurance coverage, medical condition, and health service category. Data sources include national surveys, Medicare standard analytical files, and one of the largest claims databases for the commercially insured population in the U.S. RESULTS The total estimated cost of diagnosed diabetes in 2017 is $327 billion, including $237 billion in direct medical costs and $90 billion in reduced productivity. For the cost categories analyzed, care for people with diagnosed diabetes accounts for 1 in 4 health care dollars in the U.S., and more than half of that expenditure is directly attributable to diabetes. People with diagnosed diabetes incur average medical expenditures of ∼$16,750 per year, of which ∼$9,600 is attributed to diabetes. People with diagnosed diabetes, on average, have medical expenditures ∼2.3 times higher than what expenditures would be in the absence of diabetes. Indirect costs include increased absenteeism ($3.3 billion) and reduced productivity while at work ($26.9 billion) for the employed population, reduced productivity for those not in the labor force ($2.3 billion), inability to work because of disease-related disability ($37.5 billion), and lost productivity due to 277,000 premature deaths attributed to diabetes ($19.9 billion). CONCLUSIONS After adjusting for inflation, economic costs of diabetes increased by 26% from 2012 to 2017 due to the increased prevalence of diabetes and the increased cost per person with diabetes. The growth in diabetes prevalence and medical costs is primarily among the population aged 65 years and older, contributing to a growing economic cost to the Medicare program. The estimates in this article highlight the substantial financial burden that diabetes imposes on society, in addition to intangible costs from pain and suffering, resources from care provided by nonpaid caregivers, and costs associated with undiagnosed diabetes.

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Association of glycaemia with macrovascular and microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 35): prospective observational study.

I M Stratton, A. I. Adler, H. Neil … (2000)

To determine the relation between exposure to glycaemia over time and the risk of macrovascular or microvascular complications in patients with type 2 diabetes. Prospective observational study. 23 hospital based clinics in England, Scotland, and Northern Ireland. 4585 white, Asian Indian, and Afro-Caribbean UKPDS patients, whether randomised or not to treatment, were included in analyses of incidence; of these, 3642 were included in analyses of relative risk. Primary predefined aggregate clinical outcomes: any end point or deaths related to diabetes and all cause mortality. Secondary aggregate outcomes: myocardial infarction, stroke, amputation (including death from peripheral vascular disease), and microvascular disease (predominantly retinal photo-coagulation). Single end points: non-fatal heart failure and cataract extraction. Risk reduction associated with a 1% reduction in updated mean HbA(1c) adjusted for possible confounders at diagnosis of diabetes. The incidence of clinical complications was significantly associated with glycaemia. Each 1% reduction in updated mean HbA(1c) was associated with reductions in risk of 21% for any end point related to diabetes (95% confidence interval 17% to 24%, P<0.0001), 21% for deaths related to diabetes (15% to 27%, P<0.0001), 14% for myocardial infarction (8% to 21%, P<0.0001), and 37% for microvascular complications (33% to 41%, P<0.0001). No threshold of risk was observed for any end point. In patients with type 2 diabetes the risk of diabetic complications was strongly associated with previous hyperglycaemia. Any reduction in HbA(1c) is likely to reduce the risk of complications, with the lowest risk being in those with HbA(1c) values in the normal range (<6.0%).

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The Validity and Reproducibility of a Work Productivity and Activity Impairment Instrument

Margaret C Reilly, Arthur Zbrozek, Ellen Dukes (1993)

The construct validity of a quantitative work productivity and activity impairment (WPAI) measure of health outcomes was tested for use in clinical trials, along with its reproducibility when administered by 2 different methods. 106 employed individuals affected by a health problem were randomised to receive either 2 self-administered questionnaires (self administration) or one self-administered questionnaire followed by a telephone interview (interviewer administration). Construct validity of the WPAI measures of time missed from work, impairment of work and regular activities due to overall health and symptoms, were assessed relative to measures of general health perceptions, role (physical), role (emotional), pain, symptom severity and global measures of work and interference with regular activity. Multivariate linear regression models were used to explain the variance in work productivity and regular activity by validation measures. Data generated by interviewer-administration of the WPAI had higher construct validity and fewer omissions than that obtained by self-administration of the instrument. All measures of work productivity and activity impairment were positively correlated with measures which had proven construct validity. These validation measures explained 54 to 64% of variance (p less than 0.0001) in productivity and activity impairment variables of the WPAI. Overall work productivity (health and symptom) was significantly related to general health perceptions and the global measures of interference with regular activity. The self-administered questionnaire had adequate reproducibility but less construct validity than interviewer administration. Both administration methods of the WPAI warrant further evaluation as a measure of morbidity.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Steven D. Imrisek

Matthew Lee

Chandra Y. Osborn

Ashley Hirsch

Jamillah Hoy-Rosas

Harpreet Nagra

Dan Goldner

Jeff Dachis

Lindsay E. Sears

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Occup Environ Med

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J Occup Environ Med

Journal ID (publisher-id): JOEM

Title: Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine

Publisher: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

ISSN (Print): 1076-2752

ISSN (Electronic): 1536-5948

Publication date (Print): August 2022

Publication date (Electronic): 11 June 2022

Volume: 64

Issue: 8

Pages: e452-e458

Affiliations

From the Informed Data Systems, Inc, New York, New York (Dr Lavaysse, Mr Imrisek, Mr Lee, Dr Osborn, Ms Hirsch, Ms Hoy-Rosas, Dr Nagra, Dr Goldner, Mr Dachis, Dr Sears); and Lirio, Franklin, Tennessee (Dr Osborn).

Author notes

[*]Address correspondence to: Lindsey M. Lavaysse, PhD, 166 Mercer St, New York, NY 10012 ( lindsey.lavaysse@ 123456onedrop.today ).

Article

Publisher ID: JOEM_220032 Accession ID: 00016

DOI: 10.1097/JOM.0000000000002577

PMC ID: 9377500

PubMed ID: 35672921

SO-VID: 76f8922f-e5d3-41d9-a706-88efe3528740

License:

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives License 4.0 (CCBY-NC-ND), where it is permissible to download and share the work provided it is properly cited. The work cannot be changed in any way or used commercially without permission from the journal.

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Keywords: productivity,mobile health,diabetes,health tech,employees,cost savings,occupational health,digital health

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Keywords: productivity, mobile health, diabetes, health tech, employees, cost savings, occupational health, digital health

One Drop Improves Productivity for Workers With Type 2 Diabetes : One Drop for Workers With Type 2 Diabetes

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Abstract

Objective

Methods

Results

Conclusion

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Karger: Digital Health

Most cited references 37

Economic Costs of Diabetes in the U.S. in 2017

Association of glycaemia with macrovascular and microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 35): prospective observational study.

The Validity and Reproducibility of a Work Productivity and Activity Impairment Instrument

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