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      Initial psychological impact of COVID-19 and its correlates in Indian Community: An online (FEEL-COVID) survey

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          Abstract

          Background

          The pandemic of Corona Virus (COVID-19) hit India recently; and the associated uncertainty is increasingly testing psychological resilience of the masses. When the global focus has mostly been on testing, finding a cure and preventing transmission; people are going through a myriad of psychological problems in adjusting to the current lifestyles and fear of the disease. Since there is a severe dearth of researches on this issue, we decided to conduct an online survey to evaluate its psychological impact.

          Methods

          From 26 th to 29 th March an online survey (FEEL-COVID) was conducted using principles of snowballing, and by invitation through text messages to participate. The survey collected data on socio-demographic and clinical variables related to COVID-19 (based on the current knowledge); along with measuring psychological impact with the help of Impact of Event–revised (IES-R) scale.

          Results

          There were a total of 1106 responses from around 64 cities in the country. Out of these 453 responses had at least one item missing; and were excluded from the analysis. The mean age of the respondents was around 41 years with a male female ratio of 3:1 and around 22% respondents were health care professionals. Overall approximately one third of respondents had significant psychological impact (IES-R score > 24). Higher psychological impact was predicted with younger age, female gender and comorbid physical illness. Presence of physical symptoms and contact history predicted higher psychological impact, but did not reach statistical significance.

          Conclusion

          During the initial stages of COVID-19 in India, almost one-third respondents had a significant psychological impact. This indicates a need for more systematic and longitudinal assessment of psychological needs of the population, which can help the government in formulating holistic interventions for affected individuals.

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          Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China

          Chaolin Huang, Yeming Wang, Xingwang Li … (2020)
          Summary Background A recent cluster of pneumonia cases in Wuhan, China, was caused by a novel betacoronavirus, the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). We report the epidemiological, clinical, laboratory, and radiological characteristics and treatment and clinical outcomes of these patients. Methods All patients with suspected 2019-nCoV were admitted to a designated hospital in Wuhan. We prospectively collected and analysed data on patients with laboratory-confirmed 2019-nCoV infection by real-time RT-PCR and next-generation sequencing. Data were obtained with standardised data collection forms shared by WHO and the International Severe Acute Respiratory and Emerging Infection Consortium from electronic medical records. Researchers also directly communicated with patients or their families to ascertain epidemiological and symptom data. Outcomes were also compared between patients who had been admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) and those who had not. Findings By Jan 2, 2020, 41 admitted hospital patients had been identified as having laboratory-confirmed 2019-nCoV infection. Most of the infected patients were men (30 [73%] of 41); less than half had underlying diseases (13 [32%]), including diabetes (eight [20%]), hypertension (six [15%]), and cardiovascular disease (six [15%]). Median age was 49·0 years (IQR 41·0–58·0). 27 (66%) of 41 patients had been exposed to Huanan seafood market. One family cluster was found. Common symptoms at onset of illness were fever (40 [98%] of 41 patients), cough (31 [76%]), and myalgia or fatigue (18 [44%]); less common symptoms were sputum production (11 [28%] of 39), headache (three [8%] of 38), haemoptysis (two [5%] of 39), and diarrhoea (one [3%] of 38). Dyspnoea developed in 22 (55%) of 40 patients (median time from illness onset to dyspnoea 8·0 days [IQR 5·0–13·0]). 26 (63%) of 41 patients had lymphopenia. All 41 patients had pneumonia with abnormal findings on chest CT. Complications included acute respiratory distress syndrome (12 [29%]), RNAaemia (six [15%]), acute cardiac injury (five [12%]) and secondary infection (four [10%]). 13 (32%) patients were admitted to an ICU and six (15%) died. Compared with non-ICU patients, ICU patients had higher plasma levels of IL2, IL7, IL10, GSCF, IP10, MCP1, MIP1A, and TNFα. Interpretation The 2019-nCoV infection caused clusters of severe respiratory illness similar to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus and was associated with ICU admission and high mortality. Major gaps in our knowledge of the origin, epidemiology, duration of human transmission, and clinical spectrum of disease need fulfilment by future studies. Funding Ministry of Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Natural Science Foundation of China, and Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Commission.
          Article 0 comments Cited 21932 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Immediate Psychological Responses and Associated Factors during the Initial Stage of the 2019 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Epidemic among the General Population in China

            Cuiyan Wang, Riyu Pan, Xiaoyang Wan … (2020)
            Background: The 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic is a public health emergency of international concern and poses a challenge to psychological resilience. Research data are needed to develop evidence-driven strategies to reduce adverse psychological impacts and psychiatric symptoms during the epidemic. The aim of this study was to survey the general public in China to better understand their levels of psychological impact, anxiety, depression, and stress during the initial stage of the COVID-19 outbreak. The data will be used for future reference. Methods: From 31 January to 2 February 2020, we conducted an online survey using snowball sampling techniques. The online survey collected information on demographic data, physical symptoms in the past 14 days, contact history with COVID-19, knowledge and concerns about COVID-19, precautionary measures against COVID-19, and additional information required with respect to COVID-19. Psychological impact was assessed by the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R), and mental health status was assessed by the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21). Results: This study included 1210 respondents from 194 cities in China. In total, 53.8% of respondents rated the psychological impact of the outbreak as moderate or severe; 16.5% reported moderate to severe depressive symptoms; 28.8% reported moderate to severe anxiety symptoms; and 8.1% reported moderate to severe stress levels. Most respondents spent 20–24 h per day at home (84.7%); were worried about their family members contracting COVID-19 (75.2%); and were satisfied with the amount of health information available (75.1%). Female gender, student status, specific physical symptoms (e.g., myalgia, dizziness, coryza), and poor self-rated health status were significantly associated with a greater psychological impact of the outbreak and higher levels of stress, anxiety, and depression (p < 0.05). Specific up-to-date and accurate health information (e.g., treatment, local outbreak situation) and particular precautionary measures (e.g., hand hygiene, wearing a mask) were associated with a lower psychological impact of the outbreak and lower levels of stress, anxiety, and depression (p < 0.05). Conclusions: During the initial phase of the COVID-19 outbreak in China, more than half of the respondents rated the psychological impact as moderate-to-severe, and about one-third reported moderate-to-severe anxiety. Our findings identify factors associated with a lower level of psychological impact and better mental health status that can be used to formulate psychological interventions to improve the mental health of vulnerable groups during the COVID-19 epidemic.
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              Factors Associated With Mental Health Outcomes Among Health Care Workers Exposed to Coronavirus Disease 2019

              Jianbo Lai, Simeng Ma, Ying Wang … (2020)
              Key Points Question What factors are associated with mental health outcomes among health care workers in China who are treating patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)? Findings In this cross-sectional study of 1257 health care workers in 34 hospitals equipped with fever clinics or wards for patients with COVID-19 in multiple regions of China, a considerable proportion of health care workers reported experiencing symptoms of depression, anxiety, insomnia, and distress, especially women, nurses, those in Wuhan, and front-line health care workers directly engaged in diagnosing, treating, or providing nursing care to patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19. Meaning These findings suggest that, among Chinese health care workers exposed to COVID-19, women, nurses, those in Wuhan, and front-line health care workers have a high risk of developing unfavorable mental health outcomes and may need psychological support or interventions.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Mohit Varshney:
                ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6426-4051
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: MethodologyRole: ValidationRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Jithin Thomas Parel:
                ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1046-0759
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Neeraj Raizada: Role: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: Writing – review & editing
                Shiv Kumar Sarin: Role: ConceptualizationRole: MethodologyRole: ResourcesRole: SoftwareRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Abdallah M. Samy: Role: Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): PLoS One
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): PLoS ONE
                Journal ID (publisher-id): plos
                Journal ID (pmc): plosone
                Title: PLoS ONE
                Publisher: Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                ISSN (Electronic): 1932-6203
                Publication date (Electronic): 29 May 2020
                Publication date Collection: 2020
                Publication date PMC-release: 29 May 2020
                Volume: 15
                Issue: 5
                Electronic Location Identifier: e0233874
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Liver and Biliary Science (ILBS), New Delhi, India
                [2 ] College of Nursing, Institute of Liver and Biliary Science (ILBS), New Delhi, India
                [3 ] Department of Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Institute of Liver and Biliary Science (ILBS), New Delhi, India
                [4 ] Department of Hepatology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Science (ILBS), New Delhi, India
                Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University (ASU), EGYPT
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6426-4051
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1046-0759
                Article
                Publisher ID: PONE-D-20-09974
                DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233874
                PMC ID: 7259495
                PubMed ID: 32470088
                SO-VID: 74e0387e-c363-4fff-8f19-3972161f0d12
                Copyright © © 2020 Varshney et al
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                Date received : 7 April 2020
                Date accepted : 14 May 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 1, Tables: 2, Pages: 10
                Funding
                The author(s) received no specific funding for this work.
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Mental Health and Psychiatry
                Subject: Research and Analysis Methods
                Subject: Research Design
                Subject: Survey Research
                Subject: Surveys
                Subject: Biology and life sciences
                Subject: Organisms
                Subject: Viruses
                Subject: RNA viruses
                Subject: Coronaviruses
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Microbiology
                Subject: Medical Microbiology
                Subject: Microbial Pathogens
                Subject: Viral Pathogens
                Subject: Coronaviruses
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
                Subject: Pathogens
                Subject: Microbial Pathogens
                Subject: Viral Pathogens
                Subject: Coronaviruses
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Organisms
                Subject: Viruses
                Subject: Viral Pathogens
                Subject: Coronaviruses
                Subject: People and Places
                Subject: Geographical Locations
                Subject: Asia
                Subject: India
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Psychology
                Subject: Emotions
                Subject: Fear
                Subject: Social Sciences
                Subject: Psychology
                Subject: Emotions
                Subject: Fear
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Epidemiology
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Physiology
                Subject: Physiological Processes
                Subject: Coughing
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Physiology
                Subject: Physiological Processes
                Subject: Coughing
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Diagnostic Medicine
                Subject: Signs and Symptoms
                Subject: Coughing
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
                Subject: Signs and Symptoms
                Subject: Coughing
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Gastroenterology and Hepatology
                Subject: Liver Diseases
                Custom metadata
                Data Availability Data underlying the study cannot be made publicly available due to ethical concerns regarding participant privacy, as imposed by the Institute Ethics Committee of the Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi. Qualified researchers may request access to this data from the Institute Ethics Committee at iec.ilbs@ 123456gmail.com .
                Outbreaks COVID-19

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Uncategorized
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Uncategorized

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