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      Handwashing and risk of respiratory infections: a quantitative systematic review Translated title: Le lavage des mains et le risque d'infections respiratoires: Une révision systématique quantitative Translated title: Lavado de manos y riesgo de infecciones respiratorias: una revisión cuantitativa sistemática

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          Summary

          Objective  To determine the effect of handwashing on the risk of respiratory infection.

          Methods  We searched PubMed, CAB Abstracts, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane library for articles published before June 2004 in all languages. We had searched reference lists of all primary and review articles. Studies were included in the review if they reported the impact of an intervention to promote hand cleansing on respiratory infections. Studies relating to hospital‐acquired infections, long‐term care facilities, immuno‐compromised and elderly people were excluded. We independently evaluated all studies, and inclusion decisions were reached by consensus. From a primary list of 410 articles, eight interventional studies met the eligibility criteria.

          Results  All eight eligible studies reported that handwashing lowered risks of respiratory infection, with risk reductions ranging from 6% to 44% [pooled value 24% (95% CI 6–40%)]. Pooling the results of only the seven homogenous studies gave a relative risk of 1.19 (95% CI 1.12%–1.26%), implying that hand cleansing can cut the risk of respiratory infection by 16% (95% CI 11–21%).

          Conclusions  Handwashing is associated with lowered respiratory infection. However, studies were of poor quality, none related to developing countries, and only one to severe disease. Rigorous trials of the impact of handwashing on acute respiratory tract infection morbidity and mortality are urgently needed, especially in developing countries.

          Translated abstract

          Objectif  Déterminer l'effet du lavage des mains sur le risque d'infections respiratoires.

          Méthodes  Nous avons effectué des recherches sur PubMed, CAB Abstracts, Embase, Web of Science et la bibliothèque Cochrane pour des articles publiés avant Juin 2004 en toutes langues. Nous avons aussi recherché manuellement les listes de références de toute publication primaire ou des articles de révision. Les études ont été incluses dans notre révision si elles rapportaient l'impact d'une intervention à promouvoir le lavage des mains sur les infections respiratoires. Les études portant sur les infections acquises à l'hôpital ou dans les services de santé avec prise en charge à long terme ou par des personnes à immunité compromise ou âgées ont été exclues. Nous avons évalué chaque étude indépendamment et les décisions pour l'inclusion ont été prises par consensus. D'une liste de départ de 410 articles, 8 études d'intervention ont satisfait aux critères d’éligibilitè.

          Résultats  Toutes les 8 études ont rapporté que le lavage des mains diminuait le risque d'infections respiratoire. La diminution du risque allait de 6 à 44% (valeurs cumulées 24%; IC95%: 6–40%). Le seul cumule des résultats de 7 études homogènes a donné un risque relatif de 1,19 (IC95%: 1,12–1,26%), suggérant que le lavage des mains peu réduire le risque d'infection respiratoire de 16% (IC95%: 11–21%).

          Conclusion  Le lavage des mains est associé avec une diminution des infections respiratoires. Cependant, les études étaient de pauvre qualité, aucune ne portait sur des pays en développement et une seule portait sur des maladies sévères. Des essais plus rigoureux de l'impact du lavage des mains sur la morbidité et la mortalité des infections respiratoires aigues sont urgemment nécessaires et plus particulièrement dans les pays en voie de développement.

          Translated abstract

          Objetivo  Determinar el efecto del lavado de manos en el riesgo de infección respiratoria

          Método  Se hizo una búsqueda en PubMed, CAB Abstracts, Embase, Web of Science, y la Cochrane library de artículos publicados, en todos los idiomas, antes de Junio del 2004. Se buscó a mano las listas de referencias de todos los artículos primarios y de revisión. Se incluyeron en la revisión aquellos estudios que reportaran el impacto sobre infecciones respiratorias de una intervención para promover el lavado de manos. Se excluyeron los estudios relacionados con infecciones nosocomiales, instalaciones de cuidados a largo plazo, personas inmuno‐suprimidas o personas mayores. Nosotros, independientemente, evaluamos todos los estudios, y la decisión de incluirlos o excluirlos fue consensuada. De una lista inicial de 410 artículos, ocho estudios de intervención tenían los criterios para ser elegidos.

          Resultados  Los ocho estudios elegibles reportaban que el lavado de manos disminuía el riesgo de infecciones respiratorias, con reducción del riesgo de entre un 6 a un 44% (valor combinado 24% (95% IC 6%‐40%). Agrupando los resultados de los sete estudios homogéneos se obtenía un riesgo relativo del 1.19 (95% IC 1.12 – 1.26), lo cual implica que el lavado de manos puede disminuir el riesgo de infección respiratoria en un 16% (95% IC 11 a 21%).

          Conclusiones  El lavado de manos está asociado con una disminución de la infección respiratoria. Sin embargo, los estudios analizados eran de baja calidad, ninguno relacionado con países de baja renta, y solo uno de ellos con enfermedad severa. Se requieren con urgencia ensayos rigurosos sobre el impacto del lavado de manos en la morbilidad y mortalidad por infecciones respiratorias, especialmente en países de baja renta.

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          Most cited references63

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          Global mortality, disability, and the contribution of risk factors: Global Burden of Disease Study.

          Prevention and control of disease and injury require information about the leading medical causes of illness and exposures or risk factors. The assessment of the public-health importance of these has been hampered by the lack of common methods to investigate the overall, worldwide burden. The Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) provides a standardised approach to epidemiological assessment and uses a standard unit, the disability-adjusted life year (DALY), to aid comparisons. DALYs for each age-sex group in each GBD region for 107 disorders were calculated, based on the estimates of mortality by cause, incidence, average age of onset, duration, and disability severity. Estimates of the burden and prevalence of exposure in different regions of disorders attributable to malnutrition, poor water supply, sanitation and personal and domestic hygiene, unsafe sex, tobacco use, alcohol, occupation, hypertension, physical inactivity, use of illicit drugs, and air pollution were developed. Developed regions account for 11.6% of the worldwide burden from all causes of death and disability, and account for 90.2% of health expenditure worldwide. Communicable, maternal, perinatal, and nutritional disorders explain 43.9%; non-communicable causes 40.9%; injuries 15.1%; malignant neoplasms 5.1%; neuropsychiatric conditions 10.5%; and cardiovascular conditions 9.7% of DALYs worldwide. The ten leading specific causes of global DALYs are, in descending order, lower respiratory infections, diarrhoeal diseases, perinatal disorders, unipolar major depression, ischaemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, tuberculosis, measles, road-traffic accidents, and congenital anomalies. 15.9% of DALYs worldwide are attributable to childhood malnutrition and 6.8% to poor water, and sanitation and personal and domestic hygiene. The three leading contributors to the burden of disease are communicable and perinatal disorders affecting children. The substantial burdens of neuropsychiatric disorders and injuries are under-recognised. The epidemiological transition in terms of DALYs has progressed substantially in China, Latin America and the Caribbean, other Asia and islands, and the middle eastern crescent. If the burdens of disability and death are taken into account, our list differs substantially from other lists of the leading causes of death. DALYs provide a common metric to aid meaningful comparison of the burden of risk factors, diseases, and injuries.
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            Effect of washing hands with soap on diarrhoea risk in the community: a systematic review

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              Survival of influenza viruses on environmental surfaces.

              To investigate the transmission of influenza viruses via hands and environmental surfaces, the survival of laboratory-grown influenza A and influenza B viruses on various surfaces was studied. Both influenza A and B viruses survived for 24-48 hr on hard, nonporous surfaces such as stainless steel and plastic but survived for less than 8-12 hr on cloth, paper, and tissues. Measurable quantities of influenza A virus were transferred from stainless steel surfaces to hands for 24 hr and from tissues to hands for up to 15 min. Virus survived on hands for up to 5 min after transfer from the environmental surfaces. These observations suggest that the transmission of virus from donors who are shedding large amounts could occur for 2-8 hr via stainless steel surfaces and for a few minutes via paper tissues. Thus, under conditions of heavy environmental contamination, the transmission of influenza virus via fomites may be possible.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Trop Med Int Health
                Trop. Med. Int. Health
                10.1111/(ISSN)1365-3156
                TMI
                Tropical Medicine & International Health
                Blackwell Publishing Ltd (Oxford, UK )
                1360-2276
                1365-3156
                07 March 2006
                March 2006
                : 11
                : 3 ( doiID: 10.1111/tmi.2006.11.issue-3 )
                : 258-267
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ]Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, The Hygiene Centre, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
                Author notes
                [*] Corresponding Author Valerie Curtis, The Hygiene Centre, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK. Tel.: +44‐20‐7927‐2628; Fax: +44‐20‐7927‐2164; E‐mail val.curtis@ 123456lshtm.ac.uk
                Article
                TMI1568
                10.1111/j.1365-3156.2006.01568.x
                7169664
                16553905
                6f1b9b3e-9818-45b7-ab5b-149ad3cbbdd3

                This article is being made freely available through PubMed Central as part of the COVID-19 public health emergency response. It can be used for unrestricted research re-use and analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source, for the duration of the public health emergency.

                History
                Page count
                Figures: 3, Tables: 2, Pages: 10
                Categories
                Original Articles
                Custom metadata
                2.0
                March 2006
                Converter:WILEY_ML3GV2_TO_JATSPMC version:5.8.0 mode:remove_FC converted:15.04.2020

                Medicine
                handwashing,respiratory infections,systematic review,meta‐analysis,lavage des mains,infections respiratoires,révision systématique,meta‐analyse,lavado de manos,infecciones respiratorias,revisión sistemática,meta‐análisis

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