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      COVID-19 and Asthma: Reflection During the Pandemic

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          Abstract

          Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a global pandemic infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), and abnormal, overactivated innate immunity and “cytokine storms” have been proposed as potential pathological mechanisms for rapid COVID-19 progression. Theoretically, asthmatic patients should have increased susceptibility and severity for SARS-CoV-2 infection due to a deficient antiviral immune response and the tendency for exacerbation elicited by common respiratory viruses. However, existing studies have not shown an expected prevalence of asthmatic individuals among COVID-19 patients. Certain aspects of type 2 immune response, including type 2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-13, etc.) and accumulation of eosinophils, might provide potential protective effects against COVID-19. Furthermore, conventional therapeutics for asthma, including inhaled corticosteroids, allergen immunotherapy (AIT), and anti-IgE monoclonal antibody, might also reduce the risks of asthmatics suffering infection of the virus through alleviating inflammation or enhancing antiviral defense. The interactions between COVID-19 and asthma deserve further attention and clarification.

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          Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China

          Chaolin Huang, Yeming Wang, Xingwang Li … (2020)
          Summary Background A recent cluster of pneumonia cases in Wuhan, China, was caused by a novel betacoronavirus, the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). We report the epidemiological, clinical, laboratory, and radiological characteristics and treatment and clinical outcomes of these patients. Methods All patients with suspected 2019-nCoV were admitted to a designated hospital in Wuhan. We prospectively collected and analysed data on patients with laboratory-confirmed 2019-nCoV infection by real-time RT-PCR and next-generation sequencing. Data were obtained with standardised data collection forms shared by WHO and the International Severe Acute Respiratory and Emerging Infection Consortium from electronic medical records. Researchers also directly communicated with patients or their families to ascertain epidemiological and symptom data. Outcomes were also compared between patients who had been admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) and those who had not. Findings By Jan 2, 2020, 41 admitted hospital patients had been identified as having laboratory-confirmed 2019-nCoV infection. Most of the infected patients were men (30 [73%] of 41); less than half had underlying diseases (13 [32%]), including diabetes (eight [20%]), hypertension (six [15%]), and cardiovascular disease (six [15%]). Median age was 49·0 years (IQR 41·0–58·0). 27 (66%) of 41 patients had been exposed to Huanan seafood market. One family cluster was found. Common symptoms at onset of illness were fever (40 [98%] of 41 patients), cough (31 [76%]), and myalgia or fatigue (18 [44%]); less common symptoms were sputum production (11 [28%] of 39), headache (three [8%] of 38), haemoptysis (two [5%] of 39), and diarrhoea (one [3%] of 38). Dyspnoea developed in 22 (55%) of 40 patients (median time from illness onset to dyspnoea 8·0 days [IQR 5·0–13·0]). 26 (63%) of 41 patients had lymphopenia. All 41 patients had pneumonia with abnormal findings on chest CT. Complications included acute respiratory distress syndrome (12 [29%]), RNAaemia (six [15%]), acute cardiac injury (five [12%]) and secondary infection (four [10%]). 13 (32%) patients were admitted to an ICU and six (15%) died. Compared with non-ICU patients, ICU patients had higher plasma levels of IL2, IL7, IL10, GSCF, IP10, MCP1, MIP1A, and TNFα. Interpretation The 2019-nCoV infection caused clusters of severe respiratory illness similar to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus and was associated with ICU admission and high mortality. Major gaps in our knowledge of the origin, epidemiology, duration of human transmission, and clinical spectrum of disease need fulfilment by future studies. Funding Ministry of Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Natural Science Foundation of China, and Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Commission.
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            Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients With 2019 Novel Coronavirus–Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan, China

            Dawei Wang, Bo Hu, Fangfang Zhu … (2020)
            In December 2019, novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV)-infected pneumonia (NCIP) occurred in Wuhan, China. The number of cases has increased rapidly but information on the clinical characteristics of affected patients is limited.
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              A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin

              Peng Zhou, Xing-Lou Yang, Xian-Guang Wang … (2020)
              Since the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) 18 years ago, a large number of SARS-related coronaviruses (SARSr-CoVs) have been discovered in their natural reservoir host, bats 1–4 . Previous studies have shown that some bat SARSr-CoVs have the potential to infect humans 5–7 . Here we report the identification and characterization of a new coronavirus (2019-nCoV), which caused an epidemic of acute respiratory syndrome in humans in Wuhan, China. The epidemic, which started on 12 December 2019, had caused 2,794 laboratory-confirmed infections including 80 deaths by 26 January 2020. Full-length genome sequences were obtained from five patients at an early stage of the outbreak. The sequences are almost identical and share 79.6% sequence identity to SARS-CoV. Furthermore, we show that 2019-nCoV is 96% identical at the whole-genome level to a bat coronavirus. Pairwise protein sequence analysis of seven conserved non-structural proteins domains show that this virus belongs to the species of SARSr-CoV. In addition, 2019-nCoV virus isolated from the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of a critically ill patient could be neutralized by sera from several patients. Notably, we confirmed that 2019-nCoV uses the same cell entry receptor—angiotensin converting enzyme II (ACE2)—as SARS-CoV.
              Article 0 comments Cited 10150 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Yuxiang Zhi:
                ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7539-6650
                yuxiang_zhi@126.com
                Sun Ying: ying.sun@ccmu.edu.cn
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Clin Rev Allergy Immunol
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Clin Rev Allergy Immunol
                Title: Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology
                Publisher: Springer US (New York )
                ISSN (Print): 1080-0549
                ISSN (Electronic): 1559-0267
                Publication date (Electronic): 28 May 2020
                Publication date (Print): 2020
                Volume: 59
                Issue: 1
                Pages: 78-88
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.506261.6, ISNI 0000 0001 0706 7839, Department of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, National Clinical Research Center for Immunologic Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, , Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, ; #1 Shuaifuyuan, Wangfujing, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730 China
                [2 ]GRID grid.506261.6, ISNI 0000 0001 0706 7839, School of Clinical Medicine, , Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, ; Beijing, 100005 China
                [3 ]GRID grid.24696.3f, ISNI 0000 0004 0369 153X, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, , Capital Medical University, ; #10, Xitoutiao, Youanmenwai, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100069 China
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7539-6650
                Article
                Publisher ID: 8797
                DOI: 10.1007/s12016-020-08797-3
                PMC ID: 8830198
                PubMed ID: 32468411
                SO-VID: 6bfd6cb1-79aa-4c55-855c-46b7eb2ccd38
                Copyright © © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
                License:

                This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted research re-use and secondary analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the World Health Organization (WHO) declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic.

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                issue-copyright-statement © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Immunology
                Keywords: covid-19,sars-cov-2,asthma,allergic diseases,type 2 immune response
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Immunology
                Keywords: covid-19, sars-cov-2, asthma, allergic diseases, type 2 immune response

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