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      Examination of distraction and discomfort caused by using glare monitors: a simultaneous electroencephalography and eye-tracking study

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      PeerJ
      PeerJ Inc.
      EEG, Eye-tracker, Digital displays, Illegibility, Ergonomics

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          Abstract

          Background

          Since the COVID-19 pandemic started, remote work and education and digital display use have become more prevalent. However, compared with printed material, digital displays cause more eye fatigue and may decrease task performance. For instance, the reflections on the monitor can cause discomfort or distraction, particularly when glare monitors are used with black backgrounds.

          Methods

          This study simultaneously uses electroencephalography (EEG) and an eye-tracker to measure the possible negative effects of using a glare monitor on the illegibility of sentences.

          Results

          The experiment results showed no difference in reading time and subjective illegibility rating between glare and non-glare monitors. However, with glare monitors, eye fixation when reading lasted longer. Further, EEG beta (15–20 Hz) power variations suggested that the participants were less engaged in the reading task when a glare monitor was used with a black background.

          Conclusions

          These results indicate that the negative effects of using a glare monitor are subtle but certainly present. They also show that physiological measures such as EEG and eye tracking can assess the subtle effects in an objective manner, even if behavioral measures such as subjective illegibility ratings or reading time may not show the differences.

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          Most cited references45

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          • Article: found
          Is Open Access

          PsychoPy2: Experiments in behavior made easy

          PsychoPy is an application for the creation of experiments in behavioral science (psychology, neuroscience, linguistics, etc.) with precise spatial control and timing of stimuli. It now provides a choice of interface; users can write scripts in Python if they choose, while those who prefer to construct experiments graphically can use the new Builder interface. Here we describe the features that have been added over the last 10 years of its development. The most notable addition has been that Builder interface, allowing users to create studies with minimal or no programming, while also allowing the insertion of Python code for maximal flexibility. We also present some of the other new features, including further stimulus options, asynchronous time-stamped hardware polling, and better support for open science and reproducibility. Tens of thousands of users now launch PsychoPy every month, and more than 90 people have contributed to the code. We discuss the current state of the project, as well as plans for the future.
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            Alpha-band oscillations, attention, and controlled access to stored information

            Alpha-band oscillations are the dominant oscillations in the human brain and recent evidence suggests that they have an inhibitory function. Nonetheless, there is little doubt that alpha-band oscillations also play an active role in information processing. In this article, I suggest that alpha-band oscillations have two roles (inhibition and timing) that are closely linked to two fundamental functions of attention (suppression and selection), which enable controlled knowledge access and semantic orientation (the ability to be consciously oriented in time, space, and context). As such, alpha-band oscillations reflect one of the most basic cognitive processes and can also be shown to play a key role in the coalescence of brain activity in different frequencies.
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              Event-related EEG/MEG synchronization and desynchronization: basic principles.

              An internally or externally paced event results not only in the generation of an event-related potential (ERP) but also in a change in the ongoing EEG/MEG in form of an event-related desynchronization (ERD) or event-related synchronization (ERS). The ERP on the one side and the ERD/ERS on the other side are different responses of neuronal structures in the brain. While the former is phase-locked, the latter is not phase-locked to the event. The most important difference between both phenomena is that the ERD/ERS is highly frequency band-specific, whereby either the same or different locations on the scalp can display ERD and ERS simultaneously. Quantification of ERD/ERS in time and space is demonstrated on data from a number of movement experiments.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                PeerJ
                PeerJ
                PeerJ
                PeerJ
                PeerJ Inc. (San Diego, USA )
                2167-8359
                15 September 2023
                2023
                : 11
                : e15992
                Affiliations
                Department of Information and Management Systems Engineering, Nagaoka University of Technology , Nagaoka, Japan
                Article
                15992
                10.7717/peerj.15992
                10506577
                37727695
                6acdf7f6-d917-4a3b-851a-f8eab80f38af
                © 2023 Akimoto and Miyake

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, reproduction and adaptation in any medium and for any purpose provided that it is properly attributed. For attribution, the original author(s), title, publication source (PeerJ) and either DOI or URL of the article must be cited.

                History
                : 18 May 2023
                : 8 August 2023
                Funding
                Funded by: JSPS KAKENHI
                Award ID: 22K02885
                This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 22K02885. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
                Categories
                Neuroscience
                Ophthalmology
                Psychiatry and Psychology
                Radiology and Medical Imaging
                Human-Computer Interaction

                eeg,eye-tracker,digital displays,illegibility,ergonomics
                eeg, eye-tracker, digital displays, illegibility, ergonomics

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