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      Cervical cancer screening: Safety, acceptability, and feasibility of a single-visit approach in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe

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          Abstract

          Background

          Cervical cancer is the commonest cancer amongst African women, and yet preventative services are often inadequate.

          Aim

          The purpose of the study was to assess the safety, acceptability and feasibility of visual inspection with acetic acid and cervicography (VIAC) followed by cryotherapy or a loop electrical excision procedure (LEEP) at a single visit for prevention of cancer of the cervix.

          Setting

          The United Bulawayo Hospital, Zimbabwe.

          Methods

          The study was descriptive, using retrospective data extracted from electronic medical records of women attending the VIAC clinic. Over 24 months 4641 women visited the clinic and were screened for cervical cancer using VIAC. Cryotherapy or LEEP was offered immediately to those that screened positive. Treated women were followed up at three months and one year.

          Results

          The rate of positive results on VIAC testing was 10.8%. Of those who were eligible, 17.0% received immediate cryotherapy, 44.1% received immediate LEEP, 1.9% delayed treatment, and 37.0% were referred to a gynaecologist. No major complications were recorded after cryotherapy or LEEP. Amongst those treated 99.5% expressed satisfaction with their experience. Only 3.2% of those treated at the clinic had a positive result on VIAC one year later. The service was shown to be feasible to sustain over time with the necessary consumables. There were no service-related treatment postponements and the clinic staff and facility were able to meet the demand for the service.

          Conclusion

          A single-visit approach using VIAC, followed by cryotherapy or LEEP, proved to be safe, acceptable and feasible in an urban African setting in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe. Outcomes a year later suggested that treatment had been effective.

          Abstrait

          Dépistage du cancer du col de l’utérus: Innocuité, acceptabilité et faisabilité de l’approche à visite unique à Bulawayo, Zimbabwe.

          Contexte:

          Le cancer du col de l’utérus est le plus commun parmi les femmes africaines, mais cependant les services de prévention sont souvent inadéquats.

          Objectif:

          Le but de l’étude était d’évaluer l’innocuité, l’acceptabilité et la faisabilité de l’inspection visuelle avec de l’acide acétique et une cervico-graphie (VIAC) suivis d’une cryothérapie ou de la technique d’excision électro-chirurgicale à l’anse (LEEP) en une seule visite pour la prévention du cancer du col de l’utérus.

          Cadre:

          L’hôpital United Bulawayo Hospital, Zimbabwe.

          Méthodes:

          L’étude descriptive a utilisé des données rétrospectives provenant des dossiers médicaux électroniques des femmes qui fréquentent les cliniques de VIAC. Sur une période de 24 mois, 4641 femmes ont fréquenté la clinique et ont été contrôlées pour le cancer du col de l’utérus au moyen du VIAC. Celles dont le résultat était positif ont reçu immédiatement un traitement de Cryothérapie ou de LEEP. Les femmes traitées ont eu un suivi à trois mois et un an.

          Résultats:

          Le taux de résultats positifs avec les tests de VIAC étaient de 10.8%. Parmi les personnes admissibles, 17.0% ont été mises immédiatement sous cryothérapie, 44.1% ont eu immédiatement une LEEP, 1.9% un délai de traitement, et 37.0% ont été envoyées chez un gynécologue. On n’a pas enregistré de complications importantes après la cryothérapie ou la LEEP. Parmi les personnes traitées, 99.5% étaient satisfaites de leur expérience. Seules 3.2% des femmes traitées à la clinique ont eu un résultat positif à la suite de la VIAC un an plus tard. Le service s’est avéré réalisable pour se maintenir au fil du temps avec les produits de consommation nécessaires. Il n’y a pas eu de reports de traitement relatifs au service et le personnel de la clinique et l’équipement ont pu répondre à la demande du service.

          Conclusion:

          L’approche d’une seule visite avec la VIAC, suivie de cryothérapie ou LEEP, s’est avérée être sans danger, acceptable et faisable dans un environnement urbain africain à Bulawayo, Zimbabwe. Les résultats un an plus tard ont montré que le traitement avait été efficace.

          Related collections

          Most cited references26

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          • Abstract: found
          • Article: not found

          Cervical cancer: prevention and treatment.

          Cervical cancer is the commonest cancer cause of death among women in developing countries and efforts to prevent the disease using newer approaches and HPV vaccination need to be explored. Detection of cervical cancer at an early stage is associated with excellent survival but most women in developing countries present with advanced and often untreatable disease, with very poor survival. The ratio between incidence and mortality from cervical cancer remains very high, largely due to lack of access to appropriate anti-cancer therapies in developing countries. In developed countries with functional screening programs, cervical cancer has been rendered a relatively rare disease. Ongoing efforts to refine the characteristics of screening tests continue, as does implementation of current HPV vaccines for the primary prevention of cervical cancer.
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            Evaluation of visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA), Lugol's iodine (VILI), cervical cytology and HPV testing as cervical screening tools in Latin America. This report refers to partial results from the LAMS (Latin AMerican Screening) study.

            To assess the performance indicators of visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA) and visual inspection with Lugol's iodine (VILI) in four Latin American centres participating in the ongoing Latin AMerican Screening (LAMS) study, in settings with moderate incidence of cervical disease and with poorly to moderately well-organized cervical cancer screening. Three Brazilian centres (São Paulo, Campinas and Porto Alegre) and one Argentine centre (Buenos Aires) recruited a total of 11,834 healthy women to undergo VIA, VILI, conventional Pap smear and Hybrid Capture II (HCII). Women who had a positive result from any of these tests were subjected to colposcopy and biopsies (if necessary), and women with high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) were properly treated. To control for verification bias, 5% of women with normal tests were referred for colposcopy, as were 20% of HCII-negative women. Data on VIA (n=11,834), VILI (n=2994), conventional Pap smear (n=10,138) and HCII (n=4195) were available for test comparisons, calculating sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values. Overall test positivity was 11.6% for VIA, 23.0% for VILI, 2.2% for Pap smear (LSIL threshold), 1.1% for Pap smear (HSIL threshold) and 17.1% for HCII. VIA was positive in 61.8% of the women with CIN 1, 57.0% of those with CIN 2, 35.0% of women with CIN 3 and in 21 of 28 (75%) of women with cancer. Approximately 10% of women with no detectable disease had an abnormal VIA. Regarding VILI, 83.3% of women diagnosed with CIN 1 and 62.5% of those with CIN 3 had an abnormal test. VILI failed to detect one of three cases of cancer. Both the sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value of VIA and VILI in detecting CIN 2 or CIN 3 could be significantly improved depending on the combination with Pap smear or HCII (sensitivity up to 100.0% and specificity up to 99.8%). The LAMS study failed to reproduce the performance figures obtained with VIA and VILI (as stand-alone tests) in some other settings, where the prevalence of cervical disease was higher. However, a combined use of VIA or VILI with the Pap test or HCII allowed specific detection of cervical abnormalities.
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              Experience using cryotherapy for treatment of cervical precancerous lesions in low-resource settings.

              Cervical cancer can be successfully prevented if timely identification of precancerous lesions is followed by effective treatment. In many developing countries, treatment of precancer is neglected because therapeutic services are unavailable, inaccessible, inappropriate, or inadequately linked to screening services. One of the main focuses of the Alliance for Cervical Cancer Prevention (ACCP) has been to ensure that safe and effective methods of treatment for precancer are both available and accessible to women who need them. Cryotherapy, in use for the past 40 years, is a relatively simple, safe, effective, acceptable, and appropriate outpatient procedure for the treatment of precancer. ACCP studies conducted in more than a dozen developing countries show that cryotherapy for precancer can be performed safely and effectively as an outpatient procedure at all levels of health facilities by trained and competent midlevel providers, thus increasing availability and accessibility to precancer treatment services.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Afr J Prim Health Care Fam Med
                Afr J Prim Health Care Fam Med
                PHCFM
                African Journal of Primary Health Care & Family Medicine
                AOSIS OpenJournals
                2071-2928
                2071-2936
                05 May 2015
                2015
                : 7
                : 1
                : 742
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Division of Family Medicine and Primary Care, Stellenbosch University, South Africa
                Author notes
                Correspondence to: Robert Mash Email: rm@ 123456sun.ac.za Postal address: PO Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa

                How to cite this article: Fallala MS, Mash R. Cervical cancer screening: Safety, acceptability, and feasibility of a single-visit approach in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe. Afr J Prm Health Care Fam Med. 2015;7(1), Art. #742, 7 pages. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/phcfm.v7i1.742

                Article
                PHCFM-7-742
                10.4102/phcfm.v7i1.742
                4564888
                26245601
                6a1d031a-912d-49de-8088-c333377806d9
                © 2015. The Authors

                AOSIS OpenJournals. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License.

                History
                : 02 July 2014
                : 16 October 2014
                Categories
                Original Research

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