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      Risk factors prediction, clinical outcomes, and mortality in COVID‐19 patients

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          Abstract

          Preventing communicable diseases requires understanding the spread, epidemiology, clinical features, progression, and prognosis of the disease. Early identification of risk factors and clinical outcomes might help in identifying critically ill patients, providing appropriate treatment, and preventing mortality. We conducted a prospective study in patients with flu‐like symptoms referred to the imaging department of a tertiary hospital in Iran between March 3, 2020, and April 8, 2020. Patients with COVID‐19 were followed up after two months to check their health condition. The categorical data between groups were analyzed by Fisher's exact test and continuous data by Wilcoxon rank‐sum test. Three hundred and nineteen patients (mean age 45.48 ± 18.50 years, 177 women) were enrolled. Fever, dyspnea, weakness, shivering, C‐reactive protein, fatigue, dry cough, anorexia, anosmia, ageusia, dizziness, sweating, and age were the most important symptoms of COVID‐19 infection. Traveling in the past 3 months, asthma, taking corticosteroids, liver disease, rheumatological disease, cough with sputum, eczema, conjunctivitis, tobacco use, and chest pain did not show any relationship with COVID‐19. To the best of our knowledge, a number of factors associated with mortality due to COVID‐19 have been investigated for the first time in this study. Our results might be helpful in early prediction and risk reduction of mortality in patients infected with COVID‐19.

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          Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study

          Fei Zhou, Ting Yu, Ronghui Du … (2020)
          Summary Background Since December, 2019, Wuhan, China, has experienced an outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of patients with COVID-19 have been reported but risk factors for mortality and a detailed clinical course of illness, including viral shedding, have not been well described. Methods In this retrospective, multicentre cohort study, we included all adult inpatients (≥18 years old) with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 from Jinyintan Hospital and Wuhan Pulmonary Hospital (Wuhan, China) who had been discharged or had died by Jan 31, 2020. Demographic, clinical, treatment, and laboratory data, including serial samples for viral RNA detection, were extracted from electronic medical records and compared between survivors and non-survivors. We used univariable and multivariable logistic regression methods to explore the risk factors associated with in-hospital death. Findings 191 patients (135 from Jinyintan Hospital and 56 from Wuhan Pulmonary Hospital) were included in this study, of whom 137 were discharged and 54 died in hospital. 91 (48%) patients had a comorbidity, with hypertension being the most common (58 [30%] patients), followed by diabetes (36 [19%] patients) and coronary heart disease (15 [8%] patients). Multivariable regression showed increasing odds of in-hospital death associated with older age (odds ratio 1·10, 95% CI 1·03–1·17, per year increase; p=0·0043), higher Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score (5·65, 2·61–12·23; p<0·0001), and d-dimer greater than 1 μg/mL (18·42, 2·64–128·55; p=0·0033) on admission. Median duration of viral shedding was 20·0 days (IQR 17·0–24·0) in survivors, but SARS-CoV-2 was detectable until death in non-survivors. The longest observed duration of viral shedding in survivors was 37 days. Interpretation The potential risk factors of older age, high SOFA score, and d-dimer greater than 1 μg/mL could help clinicians to identify patients with poor prognosis at an early stage. Prolonged viral shedding provides the rationale for a strategy of isolation of infected patients and optimal antiviral interventions in the future. Funding Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences; National Science Grant for Distinguished Young Scholars; National Key Research and Development Program of China; The Beijing Science and Technology Project; and Major Projects of National Science and Technology on New Drug Creation and Development.
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            A Novel Coronavirus from Patients with Pneumonia in China, 2019

            Na Zhu, Dingyu Zhang, Wenling Wang … (2020)
            Summary In December 2019, a cluster of patients with pneumonia of unknown cause was linked to a seafood wholesale market in Wuhan, China. A previously unknown betacoronavirus was discovered through the use of unbiased sequencing in samples from patients with pneumonia. Human airway epithelial cells were used to isolate a novel coronavirus, named 2019-nCoV, which formed a clade within the subgenus sarbecovirus, Orthocoronavirinae subfamily. Different from both MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV, 2019-nCoV is the seventh member of the family of coronaviruses that infect humans. Enhanced surveillance and further investigation are ongoing. (Funded by the National Key Research and Development Program of China and the National Major Project for Control and Prevention of Infectious Disease in China.)
            Article 0 comments Cited 12710 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective, observational study

              Xiaobo Yang, Yuan Yu, Jiqian Xu … (2020)
              Summary Background An ongoing outbreak of pneumonia associated with the severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) started in December, 2019, in Wuhan, China. Information about critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection is scarce. We aimed to describe the clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia. Methods In this single-centered, retrospective, observational study, we enrolled 52 critically ill adult patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia who were admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) of Wuhan Jin Yin-tan hospital (Wuhan, China) between late December, 2019, and Jan 26, 2020. Demographic data, symptoms, laboratory values, comorbidities, treatments, and clinical outcomes were all collected. Data were compared between survivors and non-survivors. The primary outcome was 28-day mortality, as of Feb 9, 2020. Secondary outcomes included incidence of SARS-CoV-2-related acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and the proportion of patients requiring mechanical ventilation. Findings Of 710 patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia, 52 critically ill adult patients were included. The mean age of the 52 patients was 59·7 (SD 13·3) years, 35 (67%) were men, 21 (40%) had chronic illness, 51 (98%) had fever. 32 (61·5%) patients had died at 28 days, and the median duration from admission to the intensive care unit (ICU) to death was 7 (IQR 3–11) days for non-survivors. Compared with survivors, non-survivors were older (64·6 years [11·2] vs 51·9 years [12·9]), more likely to develop ARDS (26 [81%] patients vs 9 [45%] patients), and more likely to receive mechanical ventilation (30 [94%] patients vs 7 [35%] patients), either invasively or non-invasively. Most patients had organ function damage, including 35 (67%) with ARDS, 15 (29%) with acute kidney injury, 12 (23%) with cardiac injury, 15 (29%) with liver dysfunction, and one (2%) with pneumothorax. 37 (71%) patients required mechanical ventilation. Hospital-acquired infection occurred in seven (13·5%) patients. Interpretation The mortality of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia is considerable. The survival time of the non-survivors is likely to be within 1–2 weeks after ICU admission. Older patients (>65 years) with comorbidities and ARDS are at increased risk of death. The severity of SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia poses great strain on critical care resources in hospitals, especially if they are not adequately staffed or resourced. Funding None.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam:
                ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7926-9368
                shariful.islam@deakin.edu.au
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Med Virol
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J Med Virol
                Journal ID (doi): 10.1002/(ISSN)1096-9071
                Journal ID (publisher-id): JMV
                Title: Journal of Medical Virology
                Publisher: John Wiley and Sons Inc. (Hoboken )
                ISSN (Print): 0146-6615
                ISSN (Electronic): 1096-9071
                Publication date (Electronic): 17 December 2020
                Electronic Location Identifier: 10.1002/jmv.26699
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ] Institute for Intelligent Systems Research and Innovation (IISRI) Deakin University Victoria Australia
                [ 2 ] Rajaei Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
                [ 3 ] Department of Cardiac MRI Omid Hospital Tehran Iran
                [ 4 ] Pediatric Respiratory and Sleep Medicine Research Center, Children's Medical Center Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
                [ 5 ] System Administrator at Dibrugarh University Dibrugarh Assam India
                [ 6 ] Tehran University of Medical Science Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex Tehran Iran
                [ 7 ] Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Biomedical Data Acquisition Lab K. N. Toosi University of Technology Tehran Iran
                [ 8 ] Department of Computer Engineering Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Mashhad Iran
                [ 9 ] Department of Engineering  Islamic Azad University Fasa Fars Iran
                [ 10 ] Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Gonabad Branch Islamic Azad University Gonabad Iran
                [ 11 ] Institute for Computational Health Sciences University of California San Francisco San Francisco CA USA
                [ 12 ] Department of Electronics and Computer Engineering Ngee Ann Polytechnic Singapore Singapore
                [ 13 ] Department of Biomedical Informatics and Medical Engineering Asia University Taichung Taiwan
                [ 14 ] Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Science and Technology Singapore University of Social Sciences Singapore
                [ 15 ] Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Faculty of Health Deakin University Melbourne Victoria Australia
                Author notes
                [*] [* ] Correspondence Dr. Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, MBBS, MPH, PhD, FESC, National Heart Foundation Senior Research Fellow and NHMRC Emerging Leader, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, Melbourne, Victoria 3125, Australia. Email: shariful.islam@ 123456deakin.edu.au

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3069-7932
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9840-4796
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7926-9368
                Article
                Publisher ID: JMV26699
                DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26699
                PMC ID: 7753243
                PubMed ID: 33247599
                SO-VID: 69a11aef-dbae-436b-99ad-a2a863571a8f
                Copyright © © 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC
                License:

                This article is being made freely available through PubMed Central as part of the COVID-19 public health emergency response. It can be used for unrestricted research re-use and analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source, for the duration of the public health emergency.

                History
                Date received : 24 August 2020
                Date revision received : 06 November 2020
                Date accepted : 20 November 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 4, Tables: 4, Pages: 14, Words: 7021
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article
                Subject: Research Articles
                Custom metadata
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                edited-state corrected-proof
                details-of-publishers-convertor Converter:WILEY_ML3GV2_TO_JATSPMC version:5.9.6 mode:remove_FC converted:22.12.2020

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Microbiology & Virology
                Keywords: covid‐19,effective features on prediction,effective features on the mortality,risk factors
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Microbiology & Virology
                Keywords: covid‐19, effective features on prediction, effective features on the mortality, risk factors

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