Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is infecting people throughout
the world. It is probable that coronavirus disease (COVID-19) will be transmitted
to people experiencing homelessness, which will become a major problem in particular
in North America where there are sizable populations of people experiencing homelessness
in nearly every metropolitan city in the USA and Canada. In the USA, more than 500 000
people were reported to be experiencing homelessness on any given night over the past
decade (2007–19).
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The State of Homelessness in Canada 2016 report
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estimated 35 000 people are experiencing homelessness on any given night in Canada.
People experiencing homelessness live in environments that are conducive to a disease
epidemic. Many people experiencing homelessness live in congregate living settings—be
it formal (ie, shelters or halfway houses) or informal (ie, encampments or abandoned
buildings)—and might not have regular access to basic hygiene supplies or showering
facilities, all of which could facilitate virus transmission. People experiencing
homelessness are a vulnerable group, and their potential exposure to COVID-19 might
negatively affect their ability to be housed, and their mental and physical health.
People experiencing homelessness aged younger than 65 years have all-cause mortality
that is 5–10 times higher than that of the general population.
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COVID-19 infection might further increase this mortality disparity.
Many people experiencing homelessness have chronic mental and physical conditions,
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engage in high rates of substance abuse (including sharing of needles),
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and have often less access to health care,
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all of which could lead to potential problems with screening, quarantining, and treating
people who might have COVID-19. Such problems have occurred as recently as last year,
when outbreaks of typhus, hepatitis A, tuberculosis, trench fever, and Shigella bacteria
were reported among people experiencing homelessness in US cities with large homeless
populations.
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There are some additional issues, which are unique to people experiencing homelessness,
to consider with regards to COVID-19. Homeless populations might be more transient
and geographically mobile than individuals in the general population,
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making it difficult to track and prevent transmission and to treat those who need
care. COVID-19 was recently found to be transmittable via the oral–faecal route.
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Some major US cities with large homeless populations, like San Francisco, have experienced
issues with public defecation, which might pose an additional transmission risk for
people experiencing homelessness and other individuals. Together, the multitude of
potential vulnerabilities and risks for people experiencing homelessness in becoming
infected, needing care, and transmitting COVID-19 cannot be ignored and must be planned
for. Some lessons can be learned from the response to severe acute respiratory syndrome
among homeless service providers nearly two decades ago.
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Testing kits and training on how to recognise COVID-19 should be widely disseminated
to homeless service providers and deployed in shelters, encampments, and street outreach.
Alternative spaces might be needed to quarantine and treat people experiencing homelessness.
If cities impose a lockdown to prevent COVID-19 transmission, there are few emergency
preparedness plans to transport and provide shelter for the large number of people
experiencing homelessness. In lockdowns, public spaces are closed, movement outside
homes are restricted, and major roads of transport might be closed, all of which might
negatively affect people experiencing homelessness. It is unclear how and where unsheltered
people experiencing homelessness will be moved to if quarantines and lockdowns are
implemented. In such a scenario, closures of shelters and other high-density communal
settings (eg, drop-in centres and soup kitchens) are possible, which could increase
the number of unsheltered people experiencing homelessness and reduce their access
to needed services. Lockdowns and disease containment procedures might also be deleterious
to the mental health of people experiencing homelessness, many of whom have fears
around involuntary hospitalisation and incarceration.
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In response to COVID-19, the State of Washington has declared a state of emergency,
allowing cities to take extraordinary measures, which has included King County moving
people infected with COVID-19 to housing units that were originally intended to provide
housing for people experiencing homelessness.
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As other cities follow suit, these actions might further displace people experiencing
homelessness and put them at greater risk of COVID-19. Another complicating matter
is that in December, 2019, the US Supreme Court declined to review the case of Martin
v City of Boise, upholding a ruling that cities cannot arrest or punish people for
sleeping on public property unless cities have provided adequate and accessible indoor
accommodations. This legal precedent prevents the criminalisation of homelessness,
but it is unclear if and how it will be applied during COVID-19 outbreaks.
Cities with large homeless populations might face unique challenges while trying to
contain COVID-19 and addressing homelessness, with the potential for both issues to
exacerbate one another.