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      Tear instability importance, mechanisms, validity and reliability of assessment Translated title: Importancia, mecanismos, validez y fiabilidad de la evaluación de la inestabilidad de la lágrima

      review-article
      *
      Journal of Optometry
      Elsevier
      Dry eye, Tear instability, Break up time, Ojo seco, Inestabilidad de la lágrima, Tiempo de ruptura

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          Abstract

          Purpose

          To examine the factors which contribute to tear stability and the validity and reliability of methods used for assessing tear break up time which is a core part of an examination of tear stability in dry eye patients.

          Methods

          A review of publications which are relevant to tear stability and its assessment.

          Results

          Tear break up time may be more invasive than intended if difficulty avoiding blinking during assessment results in reflex tearing. Notwithstanding control of instilled volume and concentration of fluorescein, on-eye dilution is highly variable according to resident tear volume. Blinking to evenly distribute fluorescein may improve tear and lipid layer thickness so habitual tear function is not assessed. Emphasis on a role for Meibomian gland dysfunction as a cause of tear instability may be appropriate in many cases but ignores the roles for other sources of tear lipid and other non-lipid contributions to tear instability such as aqueous or mucus deficiency, desiccated epitheliopathy or anomalous blinking. Objective less-invasive methods eliminate problems of inter-observer variability and can reliably ‘maintain vigilance’ over wide areas of the tear layer. However less-invasive results to date include mean tear break up findings which are both shorter and longer than expected for normal controls.

          Conclusions

          Fluorescein tear break up time assessments cannot be standardised and less-invasive methods are not yet standardised. Objective less-invasive and subjective fluorescein break up time tests do not appear to be measuring the same tear phenomena although both should be performed before other invasive procedures.

          Resumen

          Objetivo

          Examinar los factores que contribuyen a la estabilidad de la lágrima y a la validez y fiabilidad de los métodos utilizados para evaluar el tiempo de ruptura lagrimal, que forma parte esencial del examen de la estabilidad de la lágrima en los pacientes con ojo seco.

          Métodos

          Revisión y evaluación de las publicaciones relevantes en cuanto a estabilidad de la lágrima.

          Resultados

          La evaluación del tiempo de ruptura lagrimal puede ser más invasiva de lo previsto cuando la dificultad para evitar el parpadeo durante la evaluación origina un lagrimeo reflejo. No obstante el control del volumen instilado y la concentración de fluoresceína, la dilución en el ojo es altamente variable en función del volumen lagrimal residente. El parpadeo para distribuir uniformemente la fluoresceína puede mejorar la lágrima y el espesor de la capa lipídica, por lo que la función lagrimal habitual no se evalúa. Enfatizar el papel de la disfunción de la glándula de Meibomio como causa de la inestabilidad de la lágrima puede ser adecuado en muchos casos, pero ignora el papel de otras fuentes de lípidos lagrimales y las contribuciones no lipídicas a la inestabilidad de la lágrima tales como la deficiencia acuosa o mucosa, la epiteliopatía por sequedad o el parpadeo anómalo. Los métodos objetivos menos invasivos eliminan los problemas de variabilidad inter-observador, y pueden’ mantener la vigilancia’ fidedignamente sobre otras grandes áreas de la capa lagrimal. Sin embargo, hasta la fecha los resultados menos invasivos conllevan hallazgos sobre el tiempo de ruptura lagrimal medio que pueden ser más breves y más prolongados de lo esperado en los controles normales.

          Conclusiones

          No pueden estandarizarse las evaluaciones del tiempo de ruptura lagrimal con fluoresceína, y aún no se han estandarizado métodos menos invasivos. No parece que las pruebas menos invasivas de evaluación objetiva y subjetiva del tiempo de ruptura con fluoresceína midan los mismos fenómenos lagrimales, aunque ambas pruebas deberán realizarse previamente a otros procedimientos invasivos.

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          Most cited references76

          • Record: found
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          • Article: not found

          The international workshop on meibomian gland dysfunction: report of the diagnosis subcommittee.

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            Is Open Access

            The challenge of dry eye diagnosis

            The currently available methods for the diagnosis of dry eye are still far from being perfect for a variety of reasons. This review attempts to highlight the advantages and disadvantages of both traditional tests (such as Schirmer’s test, break-up time and ocular surface staining) and innovative noninvasive procedures, including tear meniscus height measurement, corneal topography, functional visual acuity, tear interferometry, tear evaporimetry and tear osmolarity assessment.
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              A link between tear instability and hyperosmolarity in dry eye.

              Tear film instability and tear hyperosmolarity are considered core mechanisms in the development of dry eye. The authors hypothesize that evaporation and instability produce transient shifts in tear hyperosmolarity that lead to chronic epithelial stress, inflammation, and symptoms of ocular irritation. The purpose of this study was to provide indirect evidence of short-term hyperosmolar conditions during tear instability and to test whether the corneal epithelium responds to transient hyperosmolar stress. Five subjects kept one eye open as long as possible, and overall discomfort and sensations associated with tear break-up were scaled. Later, the same subjects used the same scales to report discomfort sensations after instillation of NaCl and sucrose hyperosmolar drops (300-1000 mOsM/kg). A two-alternative, forced-choice experiment was used to obtain osmolarity thresholds. In the second experiment, primary cultured bovine corneal epithelial cells were transiently stressed with the same range of hyperosmolar culture medium, and proinflammatory mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPKs) were measured by Western blot analysis. Tear instability led to an average discomfort rating of 6.13 and sensations of burning and stinging. These sensations also occurred with hyperosmolar solutions (thresholds, 450-460 mOsM/kg) that required 800 to 900 mOsM/kg to generate the same discomfort levels reported during tear break-up. MAPK was activated at 600 mOsM/kg of transient hyperosmolar stress. These experiments provide a link between hyperosmolarity and tear instability, suggesting that hyperosmolar levels in the tear film may transiently spike during tear instability, resulting in corneal inflammation and triggering sensory neurons.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                J Optom
                J Optom
                Journal of Optometry
                Elsevier
                1888-4296
                1989-1342
                11 January 2018
                Oct-Dec 2018
                11 January 2018
                : 11
                : 4
                : 203-210
                Affiliations
                [0005]School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Kensington 2052, Australia
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence to: 77 Cliff Avenue, Northbridge, Sydney, New South Wales 2000, Australia. c.mcmonnies@ 123456unsw.edu.au
                Article
                S1888-4296(17)30096-1
                10.1016/j.optom.2017.11.004
                6147744
                29337016
                685a1b05-6313-44a5-9165-bf07dfb098b3
                © 2017 Spanish General Council of Optometry. Published by Elsevier España, S.L.U.

                This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

                History
                : 26 July 2017
                : 29 November 2017
                Categories
                Review article

                dry eye,tear instability,break up time,ojo seco,inestabilidad de la lágrima,tiempo de ruptura

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