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Abstract
Since muscle force and functional ability are not related linearly; maximum force
can be reduced while functional ability is still maintained. For diagnostic and therapeutic
reasons loss of muscle force should be detected as early and accurately as possible.
Because of growth factors, maximum muscle force in children varies with age, which
makes detection of force loss difficult. The purpose of this study was to establish
reference values for muscle force in children aged 4-16 years, obtained by hand-held
dynamometry in 11 muscle groups. In boys muscle force was predicted best by weight
whereas in girls weight and age were best predictors. At age 14 boys become significantly
stronger for nearly all tested muscle groups. These age-related reference values can
be used to quantify muscle weakness in individual muscle groups in children aged 4-16
years and to evaluate the effects of therapy.