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      Starting in your mental pole position: hypnosis helps elite downhill Mountainbike athletes to reach their optimal racing mindset

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          Abstract

          Introduction

          Downhill Mountain Biking is an extreme sport requiring high mental strength to perform on the best level in a competition with only one run to win the race. The substantial challenge here is to control automatic processes like competitive anxiety and stress. Hypnosis can address these automatic processes. We developed and evaluated a hypnosis audio-intervention to activate the optimal racing mindset.

          Methods

          In our study, 19 elite Downhill Mountainbike athletes registered at two consecutive races of the IXS Downhill Cup. After the first race, athletes listened to the hypnosis audio-intervention. In this intervention, we instructed the athletes how to activate their optimal mental state before the second race. At both races, we measured competitive anxiety, stress, self-confidence, state resilience, and flow with validated questionnaires and assessed resting heart rate variability as physiological measure of resilience.

          Results

          Race-related somatic anxiety and subjective stress decreased significantly while self-confidence increased significantly from first to second race after athletes listened to the hypnosis. Heart rate variability was significantly increased at the second race indicating elevated vagal activity. When comparing race results of our participants to a control group of other elite athletes competing in the races but not listening to the hypnosis, we found that our study participants generally performed better in both races.

          Conclusion

          The study shows that our hypnosis intervention was effective in reducing competitive anxiety and stress while increasing perceived resilience and self-confidence: After a self-administered hypnosis session, athletes were able to improve automatic processes responsible for putting them in their mental pole position.

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          G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences

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          G*Power (Erdfelder, Faul, & Buchner, 1996) was designed as a general stand-alone power analysis program for statistical tests commonly used in social and behavioral research. G*Power 3 is a major extension of, and improvement over, the previous versions. It runs on widely used computer platforms (i.e., Windows XP, Windows Vista, and Mac OS X 10.4) and covers many different statistical tests of the t, F, and chi2 test families. In addition, it includes power analyses for z tests and some exact tests. G*Power 3 provides improved effect size calculators and graphic options, supports both distribution-based and design-based input modes, and offers all types of power analyses in which users might be interested. Like its predecessors, G*Power 3 is free.
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            R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing.

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              The relation of strength of stimulus to rapidity of habit-formation

              Robert M. Yerkes, John Dodson (1908)
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Nina Hoffmann: URI : https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/2570004/overviewRole: Role: Role: Role:
                Jana Strahler: URI : https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/199645/overviewRole: Role:
                Barbara Schmidt: Role: Role:
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Front Psychol
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Front Psychol
                Journal ID (publisher-id): Front. Psychol.
                Title: Frontiers in Psychology
                Publisher: Frontiers Media S.A.
                ISSN (Electronic): 1664-1078
                Publication date (Electronic): 22 May 2024
                Publication date Collection: 2024
                Volume: 15
                Electronic Location Identifier: 1334288
                Affiliations
                [1] 1Institute for Psychology, Friedrich-Schiller-University of Jena , Jena, Germany
                [2] 2Department of Sport and Science, Sport Psychology, Albert Ludwig University Freiburg , Freiburg, Germany
                [3] 3Institute of Psychosocial Medicine, Psychotherapy and Psychooncology, Jena University Hospital , Jena, Germany
                Author notes

                Edited by: Pedro Forte, Higher Institute of Educational Sciences of the Douro, Portugal

                Reviewed by: Nick Molinaro, San Diego University for Integrative Studies, United States

                Álvaro Bustamante-Sanchez, European University of Madrid, Spain

                *Correspondence: Nina Hoffmann, nina@ 123456nina-hoffmann.com

                †ORCID: Nina Hoffmann, https://orcid.org/0009-0003-2829-3490

                Jana Strahler, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0077-508X

                Barbara Schmidt, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6828-5546

                Article
                DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1334288
                PMC ID: 11150814
                PubMed ID: 38840747
                SO-VID: 62d0b232-fd1c-4c5f-accf-409ccfe07e85
                Copyright © Copyright © 2024 Hoffmann, Strahler and Schmidt.
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                Date received : 06 November 2023
                Date accepted : 03 May 2024
                Page count
                Figures: 6, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 52, Pages: 11, Words: 7367
                Funding
                The author(s) declare that financial support was received for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. We acknowledge support by the German Research Foundation Projekt-Nr. 512648189 and the Open Access Publication Fund of the Thueringer Universitaets- und Landesbibliothek Jena.
                Categories
                Subject: Psychology
                Subject: Original Research
                Custom metadata
                section-at-acceptance Sport Psychology

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                Keywords: hypnosis,competitive anxiety,self-confidence,heart rate variability,mountainbike downhill
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                Keywords: hypnosis, competitive anxiety, self-confidence, heart rate variability, mountainbike downhill

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