Waterproof, electronics-enabled, epidermal microfluidic devices for sweat collection, biomarker analysis, and thermography in aquatic settings

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Abstract

Waterproof epidermal microfluidics enable collection and analysis of sweat during aquatic exercise.

Abstract

Noninvasive, in situ biochemical monitoring of physiological status, via the use of sweat, could enable new forms of health care diagnostics and personalized hydration strategies. Recent advances in sweat collection and sensing technologies offer powerful capabilities, but they are not effective for use in extreme situations such as aquatic or arid environments, because of unique challenges in eliminating interference/contamination from surrounding water, maintaining robust adhesion in the presence of viscous drag forces and/or vigorous motion, and preventing evaporation of collected sweat. This paper introduces materials and designs for waterproof, epidermal, microfluidic and electronic systems that adhere to the skin to enable capture, storage, and analysis of sweat, even while fully underwater. Field trials demonstrate the ability of these devices to collect quantitative in situ measurements of local sweat chloride concentration, local sweat loss (and sweat rate), and skin temperature during vigorous physical activity in controlled, indoor conditions and in open-ocean swimming.

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Most cited references 41

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An ultra-lightweight design for imperceptible plastic electronics.

Martin Kaltenbrunner, Tsuyoshi Sekitani, Jonathan Reeder … (2013)

Electronic devices have advanced from their heavy, bulky origins to become smart, mobile appliances. Nevertheless, they remain rigid, which precludes their intimate integration into everyday life. Flexible, textile and stretchable electronics are emerging research areas and may yield mainstream technologies. Rollable and unbreakable backplanes with amorphous silicon field-effect transistors on steel substrates only 3 μm thick have been demonstrated. On polymer substrates, bending radii of 0.1 mm have been achieved in flexible electronic devices. Concurrently, the need for compliant electronics that can not only be flexed but also conform to three-dimensional shapes has emerged. Approaches include the transfer of ultrathin polyimide layers encapsulating silicon CMOS circuits onto pre-stretched elastomers, the use of conductive elastomers integrated with organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) on polyimide islands, and fabrication of OFETs and gold interconnects on elastic substrates to realize pressure, temperature and optical sensors. Here we present a platform that makes electronics both virtually unbreakable and imperceptible. Fabricated directly on ultrathin (1 μm) polymer foils, our electronic circuits are light (3 g m(-2)) and ultraflexible and conform to their ambient, dynamic environment. Organic transistors with an ultra-dense oxide gate dielectric a few nanometres thick formed at room temperature enable sophisticated large-area electronic foils with unprecedented mechanical and environmental stability: they withstand repeated bending to radii of 5 μm and less, can be crumpled like paper, accommodate stretching up to 230% on prestrained elastomers, and can be operated at high temperatures and in aqueous environments. Because manufacturing costs of organic electronics are potentially low, imperceptible electronic foils may be as common in the future as plastic wrap is today. Applications include matrix-addressed tactile sensor foils for health care and monitoring, thin-film heaters, temperature and infrared sensors, displays, and organic solar cells.

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American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Exercise and fluid replacement.

Michael N Sawka, Louise M Burke, E Randy Eichner … (2007)

This Position Stand provides guidance on fluid replacement to sustain appropriate hydration of individuals performing physical activity. The goal of prehydrating is to start the activity euhydrated and with normal plasma electrolyte levels. Prehydrating with beverages, in addition to normal meals and fluid intake, should be initiated when needed at least several hours before the activity to enable fluid absorption and allow urine output to return to normal levels. The goal of drinking during exercise is to prevent excessive (>2% body weight loss from water deficit) dehydration and excessive changes in electrolyte balance to avert compromised performance. Because there is considerable variability in sweating rates and sweat electrolyte content between individuals, customized fluid replacement programs are recommended. Individual sweat rates can be estimated by measuring body weight before and after exercise. During exercise, consuming beverages containing electrolytes and carbohydrates can provide benefits over water alone under certain circumstances. After exercise, the goal is to replace any fluid electrolyte deficit. The speed with which rehydration is needed and the magnitude of fluid electrolyte deficits will determine if an aggressive replacement program is merited.

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Wearable sweat sensors

Mallika Bariya, Hnin Nyein, Ali Javey (2018)

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Sci Adv

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Sci Adv

Journal ID (publisher-id): SciAdv

Journal ID (hwp): advances

Title: Science Advances

Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science

ISSN (Electronic): 2375-2548

Publication date Collection: January 2019

Publication date (Electronic): 25 January 2019

Volume: 5

Issue: 1

Electronic Location Identifier: eaau6356

Affiliations

[1 ]Department of Materials Science and Engineering, McCormick School of Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.

[2 ]Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.

[3 ]Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, McCormick School of Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.

[4 ]Department of Mechanical Engineering, McCormick School of Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.

[5 ]Department of Biological Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611 USA.

[6 ]Department of Biomedical Engineering, McCormick School of Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.

[7 ]State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710049, China.

[8 ]Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.

[9 ]Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago IL 60611 USA.

[10 ]Gatorade Sports Science Institute, 617 W. Main St., Barrington, IL 60010, USA.

[11 ]Epicore Biosystems Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.

[12 ]Departments of Chemistry, and Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, McCormick School of Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.

[13 ]Departments of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.

Author notes

[* ]Corresponding author. Email: jrogers@ 123456northwestern.edu

Author information

Jonathan T. Reeder http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7624-7355

Jungil Choi http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3659-8978

Yeguang Xue http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1968-5092

Philipp Gutruf http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7183-7268

Justin Hanson http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5647-7954

Mark Liu http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5152-3686

Tyler Ray http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7047-9676

Amay J. Bandodkar http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1792-1506

Wei Xia http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5934-9026

Siddharth Krishnan http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8032-7043

Kelly Barnes http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4499-2753

Matthew Pahnke http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4660-2918

Yonggang Huang http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0483-8359

John A. Rogers http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3830-5980

Article

Publisher ID: aau6356

DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aau6356

PMC ID: 6357724

PubMed ID: 30746456

SO-VID: 6210df7b-5e66-4644-a903-b4ab7b0b8ea0

Copyright © Copyright © 2019 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial License 4.0 (CC BY-NC).

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This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial license, which permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, so long as the resultant use is not for commercial advantage and provided the original work is properly cited.

History

Date received : 01 July 2018

Date accepted : 10 December 2018

Funding

Funded by: Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnology;

Funded by: Gatorade Sports Science Institute;

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Copyeditor Sef Rio

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Waterproof, electronics-enabled, epidermal microfluidic devices for sweat collection, biomarker analysis, and thermography in aquatic settings

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Core Readings in Statistical Mediation Analysis

Most cited references 41

An ultra-lightweight design for imperceptible plastic electronics.

American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Exercise and fluid replacement.

Wearable sweat sensors

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