6
views
0
recommends
+1 Recommend
0 collections
    0
    shares
      • Record: found
      • Abstract: found
      • Article: found
      Is Open Access

      An analysis of beak shape variation in two ages of domestic turkeys ( Meleagris gallopavo) using landmark-based geometric morphometrics

      research-article

      Read this article at

      Bookmark
          There is no author summary for this article yet. Authors can add summaries to their articles on ScienceOpen to make them more accessible to a non-specialist audience.

          Abstract

          The objective of this study was to assess beak shape variation in domestic turkeys ( Meleagris gallopavo) and determine the effects of age, sex, and beak size on beak shape variation using geometric morphometrics. Dorsal and right lateral images were taken of 2442 turkeys at 6 and 18.5 weeks of age. Landmarks were digitized in tpsDig in three analyses of the dorsal upper mandible, lateral upper mandible, and lateral lower mandible shape of each turkey at both ages. The coordinate data were then subjected to a principal components analysis (PCA), multivariate regression, and a canonical variates analysis (CVA) with a Procrustes ANOVA in MorphoJ. For the dorsal images, three principal components (PCs) showed beak shape variation ranged from long, narrow, and pointed to short, wide, and blunt upper mandibles at both ages (6 weeks: 95.36%, 18.5 weeks: 92.21%). Three PCs showed the lateral upper mandible shape variation ranged from long, wide beaks with long, curved beak tips to short, narrow beaks with short, pointed beak tips at both ages (6 weeks: 94.91%, 18.5 weeks: 94.33%). Three PCs also explained 97.80% (6 weeks) and 97.11% (18.5 weeks) of the lateral lower mandible shape variation ranging from wide and round to narrow and thin lower mandibles with superior/inferior beak tip shifts. Beak size accounted for varying proportions of the beak shape variation (0.96–54.76%; P < 0.0001) in the three analyses of each age group. For all the analyses, the CVA showed sexual dimorphism in beak shape ( P < 0.0001) with female upper mandibles appearing wider and blunter dorsally with long, curved beak tips laterally. Whereas male turkey upper mandibles had a narrow, pointed dorsal appearance and short, pointed beak tips laterally. Future applications of beak shape variability could have a genetic and welfare value by incorporating beak shape variation to select for specific turkey beak phenotypes as an alternative to beak treatment.

          Related collections

          Most cited references46

          • Record: found
          • Abstract: not found
          • Article: not found

          Distances and directions in multidimensional shape spaces: implications for morphometric applications.

            Bookmark
            • Record: found
            • Abstract: found
            • Article: not found

            Heat exchange from the toucan bill reveals a controllable vascular thermal radiator.

            The toco toucan (Ramphastos toco), the largest member of the toucan family, possesses the largest beak relative to body size of all birds. This exaggerated feature has received various interpretations, from serving as a sexual ornament to being a refined adaptation for feeding. However, it is also a significant surface area for heat exchange. Here we show the remarkable capacity of the toco toucan to regulate heat distribution by modifying blood flow, using the bill as a transient thermal radiator. Our results indicate that the toucan's bill is, relative to its size, one of the largest thermal windows in the animal kingdom, rivaling elephants' ears in its ability to radiate body heat.
              Bookmark
              • Record: found
              • Abstract: not found
              • Article: not found

              The Diffusion of Shape

              D. KENDALL (1977)
                Bookmark

                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: Funding acquisitionRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: ResourcesRole: SoftwareRole: SupervisionRole: ValidationRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: InvestigationRole: Project administrationRole: ResourcesRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: InvestigationRole: Project administrationRole: ResourcesRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS ONE
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                21 September 2017
                2017
                : 12
                : 9
                : e0185159
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
                [2 ] Campbell Centre for the Study of Animal Welfare, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
                [3 ] Hybrid Turkeys, Kitchener, Ontario, Canada
                [4 ] Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
                University of Bari, ITALY
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: BJW is an employee of Hybrid Turkeys. Their employment does not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.

                ‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6020-1814
                Article
                PONE-D-17-10770
                10.1371/journal.pone.0185159
                5608350
                28934330
                61e8e43f-7428-4edf-953c-b234a9dc7834
                © 2017 Dalton et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 19 March 2017
                : 7 September 2017
                Page count
                Figures: 16, Tables: 0, Pages: 25
                Funding
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100008681, Canadian Poultry Research Council;
                Award ID: 1154
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100008776, Poultry Industry Council;
                Award ID: 317
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000094, Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs;
                Award ID: 299278
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: Campbell Centre for the Study of Animal Welfare
                Award ID: 2014-1
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: Hybrid Turkeys
                Award ID: In-Kind Support
                Award Recipient :
                The authors would like to thank the following organizations for financial support: The Campbell Centre for the Study of Animal Welfare (project #2014-1, HAD); Canadian Poultry Research Council (project #1154, ST); Hybrid Turkeys (in-kind support, BJW), Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food, and Rural Affairs (HQP project #299278, HAD); and the Poultry Industry Council (project #317, ST). These funding organizations had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Hybrid Turkeys provided support in the form of research materials and author salaries (BJW), but did not have any additional role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. The specific roles of this author are articulated in the ‘author contributions’ section.
                Categories
                Research Article
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Organisms
                Eukaryota
                Animals
                Vertebrates
                Amniotes
                Birds
                Fowl
                Gamefowl
                Turkeys
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Organisms
                Eukaryota
                Animals
                Vertebrates
                Amniotes
                Birds
                Poultry
                Turkeys
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Anatomy
                Digestive System
                Mouth
                Mandible
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Anatomy
                Digestive System
                Mouth
                Mandible
                Research and Analysis Methods
                Imaging Techniques
                Morphometry
                Research and Analysis Methods
                Mathematical and Statistical Techniques
                Statistical Methods
                Multivariate Analysis
                Principal Component Analysis
                Physical Sciences
                Mathematics
                Statistics (Mathematics)
                Statistical Methods
                Multivariate Analysis
                Principal Component Analysis
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Genetics
                Phenotypes
                People and Places
                Population Groupings
                Age Groups
                Engineering and Technology
                Equipment
                Optical Equipment
                Cameras
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Anatomy
                Head
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Anatomy
                Head
                Custom metadata
                All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.

                Uncategorized
                Uncategorized

                Comments

                Comment on this article