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      Desde una mirada global al contexto chileno: ¿Qué factores han repercutido en el desarrollo de obesidad en Chile? (Parte 1) Translated title: From a global view to the Chilean context: which factors have influenced the development of obesity in Chile? (Chapter 1)

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          Abstract

          RESUMEN La obesidad es una enfermedad inflamatoria, crónica, recurrente, progresiva y de etiología multifactorial, que afecta a más 650 millones de personas en el mundo. La carga física, emocional y económica que genera la obesidad no solo guarda relación con sus manifestaciones clínicas, sino también por su impacto a nivel sistémico y a largo plazo. En Chile, el crecimiento económico, la urbanización y la globalización han modificado profundamente el modo de vivir de la población lo que ha favorecido un ambiente obesogénico. Sin embargo, ¿qué factores han repercutido en el desarrollo de obesidad en Chile? ¿cuál ha sido el rol de cada uno de estos factores en el aumento de la prevalencia de esta patología? En la parte 1 de esta revisión discutiremos los principales factores no modificables que han repercutido en su desarrollo, desde la transición epidemiológica que vivió el país en la década de los 70, hasta las patologías endocrinas relacionadas.

          Translated abstract

          ABSTRACT Obesity is an inflammatory, chronic, recurrent and progressive disease with a multifactorial aetiology. More than 650 million people live with obesity across the globe, which represents a substantial physical, emotional and economic burden at all levels. Rapid urbanisation, economic growth and globalisation have deeply changed the lifestyles of the Chilean population and have worked in favour of an obesogenic environment. However, what factors have impacted the development of obesity in Chile? What has been the role of each one in the rise of its prevalence? In Chapter one of this literature review, we will discuss the main non- modifiable risk factors that have influenced its development, from the epidemiological transition that the country experienced in the 1970s to the related endocrine pathologies.

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          Most cited references108

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          Overview of epidemiology and contribution of obesity to cardiovascular disease.

          The prevalence of obesity has increased worldwide and is a source of concern since the negative consequences of obesity start as early as in childhood. The most commonly used anthropometric tool to assess relative weight and classify obesity is the body mass index (BMI); BMI alone shows a U- or a J-shaped association with clinical outcomes and mortality. Such an inverse relationship fuels a controversy in the literature, named the 'obesity paradox', which associates better survival and fewer cardiovascular (CV) events in patients with elevated BMI afflicted with chronic diseases compared to non-obese patients. However, BMI cannot make the distinction between an elevated body weight due to high levels of lean vs. fat body mass. Generally, an excess of body fat (BF) is more frequently associated with metabolic abnormalities than a high level of lean body mass. Another explanation for the paradox is the absence of control for major individual differences in regional BF distribution. Adipose tissue is now considered as a key organ regarding the fate of excess dietary lipids, which may determine whether or not body homeostasis will be maintained (metabolically healthy obesity) or a state of inflammation/insulin resistance will be produced, with deleterious CV consequences. Obesity, particularly visceral obesity, also induces a variety of structural adaptations/alterations in CV structure/function. Adipose tissue can now be considered as an endocrine organ orchestrating crucial interactions with vital organs and tissues such as the brain, the liver, the skeletal muscle, the heart and blood vessels themselves. Thus, the evidence reviewed in this paper suggests that adipose tissue quality/function is as important, if not more so, than its amount in determining the overall health and CV risks of overweight/obesity. © 2013.
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            The cell biology of fat expansion

            Adipose tissue is a complex, multicellular organ that profoundly influences the function of nearly all other organ systems through its diverse metabolite and adipokine secretome. Adipocytes are the primary cell type of adipose tissue and play a key role in maintaining energy homeostasis. The efficiency with which adipose tissue responds to whole-body energetic demands reflects the ability of adipocytes to adapt to an altered nutrient environment, and has profound systemic implications. Deciphering adipocyte cell biology is an important component of understanding how the aberrant physiology of expanding adipose tissue contributes to the metabolic dysregulation associated with obesity.
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              Obesity: preventing and manag-ing the global epidemic

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                rchnut
                Revista chilena de nutrición
                Rev. chil. nutr.
                Sociedad Chilena de Nutrición, Bromatología y Toxicología (Santiago, , Chile )
                0717-7518
                April 2020
                : 47
                : 2
                : 299-306
                Affiliations
                [9] Temuco Araucanía orgnameUniversidad de La Frontera orgdiv1Facultad de Medicina orgdiv2Departamento de Pediatría y Cirugía Infantil Chile
                [15] Maule orgnameUniversidad Católica del Maule orgdiv1Actividad Física y Salud (GEEAFyS) Chile
                [2] Glasgow orgnameUniversity of Glasgow orgdiv1Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences orgdiv2BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre United Kingdom
                [8] Concepción orgnameUniversidad Católica de la Santísima orgdiv1Facultad de Educación orgdiv2Departamento de Ciencias del Deporte y Acondicionamiento Físico Chile
                [13] Concepción Bío-Bío orgnameUniversidad de Concepción orgdiv1Facultad de Farmacia orgdiv2Departamento de Nutrición y Dietética Chile
                [1] Glasgow orgnameUniversity of Glasgow orgdiv1Institute of Health and Wellbeing United Kingdom
                [5] Concepción Bío-Bío orgnameUniversidad de Concepción orgdiv1Centro de Vida Saludable Chile
                [6] Concepción Bío-Bío orgnameUniversidad de Concepción orgdiv1Departamento de Psicología Chile
                [14] Santiago Santiago de Chile orgnameUniversidad Mayor orgdiv1Centro de Investigación en Fisiología del Ejercicio - CIFE Chile
                [10] Barcelona orgnameUniversity of Barcelona orgdiv1Instituto de Salud Carlos III orgdiv2Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences Spain
                [11] Valdivia Los Ríos orgnameUniversidad Austral de Chile orgdiv1Facultad de Medicina orgdiv2Instituto de Anatomía, Histología y Patología Chile
                [12] Los Ángeles orgnameUniversidad Santo Tomas orgdiv1Facultad de Salud orgdiv2Escuela de Nutrición y Dietética Chile
                [4] Concepción Bío-Bío orgnameUniversidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción orgdiv1Facultad de Medicina orgdiv2Departamento de Ciencias Básicas Chile
                [3] Valdivia Los Ríos orgnameUniversidad Austral de Chile orgdiv1Facultad de Ciencias orgdiv2Instituto de Farmacia Chile
                [7] Concepción Bío-Bío orgnameUniversidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción orgdiv1Facultad de Medicina orgdiv2Departamento de Salud Pública Chile
                Article
                S0717-75182020000200299 S0717-7518(20)04700200299
                10.4067/S0717-75182020000200307
                60c6beff-26c5-4880-be21-757eb30d699b

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 02 December 2019
                : 18 April 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 71, Pages: 8
                Product

                SciELO Chile

                Categories
                ARTÍCULOS DE REVISIÓN

                Obesity,Risk factors,FTO,Adiposidad,Adiposity,Factores de Riesgo,Obesidad

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