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      Social Support Moderates Effects of Natural Disaster Exposure on Depression and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms: Effects for Displaced and Nondisplaced Residents

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          Abstract

          Social support is a known protective factor against the negative psychological impact of natural disasters. Most past research has examined how the effects of exposure to traumatic events influences whether someone meets diagnostic criteria for depression and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD); it has also suggested sequelae of disaster exposure depends on whether survivors are displaced from their homes. To capture the full range of the psychological impact of natural disasters, we examined the buffering effects of social support on depressive symptoms and cluster‐specific PTSD symptoms, with consideration of displacement status. In a survey conducted 18 to 24 months after Hurricane Katrina, 810 adults exposed to the disaster reported the number of Katrina‐related traumatic events experienced, perceived social support 2 months post‐Katrina, and cluster‐specific PTSD and depressive symptoms experienced since Katrina. Analyses assessed the moderating effects of social support and displacement and the conditional effects of displacement status. Social support significantly buffered the negative effect of Katrina‐related traumatic events on depressive symptoms, B = −0.10, p = .001, and avoidance and arousal PTSD symptoms, B = −0.02, p = .035 and B = −0.02, p = .042, respectively. Three‐way interactions were nonsignificant. Conditional effects indicated social support buffered development of depressive symptoms across all residents; however, the moderating effects of support on avoidance and arousal symptoms only appeared significant for nondisplaced residents. Results highlight the protective effects of disaster‐related social support among nondisplaced individuals, and suggest displaced individuals may require more formal supports for PTSD symptom reduction following a natural disaster.

          Resumen

          Spanish Abstracts by the Asociación Chilena de Estrés Traumático (ACET)

          El Apoyo Social Modera los Efectos de la Exposición a Desastres Naturales sobre los Síntomas de Depresión y Trastorno de Estrés Postraumático: Efectos para Residentes Trasladados y No‐Trasladados

          APOYO SOCIAL MODERA LOS EFECTOS DE LOS DESASTRES NATURALES

          El apoyo social es un factor protector conocido contra el impacto psicológico negativo de los desastres naturales. La mayoría de la investigación previa ha examinado cómo la exposición a eventos traumáticos influencia la posibilidad de cumplir los criterios diagnósticos para depresión y trastorno de estrés postraumático (TEPT); también se ha sugerido que las secuelas de la exposición a desastres dependen de si los sobrevivientes son trasladados de sus hogares. Para capturar el rango completo del impacto psicológico de los desastres naturales, examinamos los efectos de amortiguadores que ejerce el apoyo social en síntomas depresivos y los dominios sintomáticos dentro del TEPT, considerando el estado de Trasladado o No‐Trasladado. En una encuesta realizada 18 a 24 meses tras el huracán Katrina, 810 adultos expuestos a ese desastre reportaron el número de eventos traumáticos experimentados relacionados con Katrina, apoyo social percibido dos meses después de Katrina, y dominios sintomáticos de TEPT y síntomas de depresión sufridos desde Katrina. El análisis examinó los efectos moderadores del apoyo social y de la situación de traslado, así como los efectos condicionales del estatus de trasladado. El apoyo social mitigó significativamente los efectos negativos de los eventos traumáticos relacionados con Katrina en síntomas depresivos, B = ‐0.10, p = .001, así como los dominios sintomáticos de evitación e hiperactivación en TEPT (B = ‐0.02, p = .035 y B = ‐0.02, p = .042, respectivamente). Las interacciones en tres direcciones fueron no significativas. Los efectos condicionales mostraron que el apoyo social amortiguó el desarrollo de síntomas depresivos en todos los individuos; sin embargo, los efectos moderadores del apoyo sobre los síntomas de evitación e hiperactivación sólo alcanzaron significancia para personas no‐trasladadas. Estos resultados enfatizan los efectos protectores del apoyo social en desastres en individuos no trasladados, y sugieren que individuos trasladados podrían requerir apoyos más formales para reducir los síntomas de TEPT después de un desastre natural.

          抽象

          Traditional and Simplified Chinese Abstracts by AsianSTSS

          Social Support Moderates Effects of Natural Disaster Exposure on Depression and PTSD Symptoms: Effects for Displaced and Non‐Displaced Residents

          Traditional Chinese

          標題: 社會支持會調節天災經歷對抑鬱症及PTSD症狀的影響:在有和無跟家園分離的人的效應

          撮要: 我們已知社會支持是天災導致的負面心理影響的保護因素。過往大部分研究亦檢視創傷經歷怎樣影響當事人是否符合患抑鬱症和創傷後壓力症(PTSD)的標準;亦指出天災經歷的後遺症如何, 視乎生還者是否跟家園分離。為了解天災構成的全面心理影響, 本研究檢視社會支持對於抑鬱症狀及PTSD症狀的特殊聚類構成的緩衝效應, 亦考慮到樣本與家園分離的狀況。在颶風卡特里娜發生18 至24月後, 810名經歷此天災的成人接受調查, 報告了他們經歷與此颶風相關的創傷事件數目、颶風發生兩個月後的社會支持感知、以及他們在颶風後的PTSD特殊症狀聚類和抑鬱症狀。我們分析社會支持及跟家園分離產生的調節效應, 以及跟家園分離的狀況產生的制約效應。社會支持顯著地緩衝了與颶風卡特里娜相關的創傷事件對抑鬱症狀(B = ‐0.10, p = .001)、和PTSD裡的迴避與警覺症狀(分別為B = ‐0.02, p = .035 與B = ‐0.02, p = .042)構成的負面影響。三向的交互作用並不顯著。制約效應反映, 在所有居民中社會支持都緩衝了抑鬱症狀的發展。然而, 社會支持對迴避和警覺症狀的調節效應, 卻只在沒與家園分離的樣本中顯著。結果凸顯出天災相關的社會支持對沒與家園分離的人產生保護效應, 並反映與家園分離的人可能需要更多專業支持, 以減輕天災後的PTSD症狀。

          Simplified Chinese

          标题: 社会支持会调节天灾经历对抑郁症及PTSD症状的影响:在有和无跟家园分离的人的效应

          撮要: 我们已知社会支持是天灾导致的负面心理影响的保护因素。过往大部分研究亦检视创伤经历怎样影响当事人是否符合患抑郁症和创伤后压力症(PTSD)的标准;亦指出天灾经历的后遗症如何, 视乎生还者是否跟家园分离。为了解天灾构成的全面心理影响, 本研究检视社会支持对于抑郁症状及PTSD症状的特殊聚类构成的缓冲效应, 亦考虑到样本与家园分离的状况。在飓风卡特里娜发生18 至24月后, 810名经历此天灾的成人接受调查, 报告了他们经历与此飓风相关的创伤事件数目、飓风发生两个月后的社会支持感知、以及他们在飓风后的PTSD特殊症状聚类和抑郁症状。我们分析社会支持及跟家园分离产生的调节效应, 以及跟家园分离的状况产生的制约效应。社会支持显著地缓冲了与飓风卡特里娜相关的创伤事件对抑郁症状(B = ‐0.10, p = .001)、和PTSD里的回避与警觉症状(分别为B = ‐0.02, p = .035 与B = ‐0.02, p = .042)构成的负面影响。三向的交互作用并不显著。制约效应反映, 在所有居民中社会支持都缓冲了抑郁症状的发展。然而, 社会支持对回避和警觉症状的调节效应, 却只在没与家园分离的样本中显著。结果凸显出天灾相关的社会支持对没与家园分离的人产生保护效应, 并反映与家园分离的人可能需要更多专业支持, 以减轻天灾后的PTSD症状。

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          Most cited references34

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          • Abstract: found
          • Article: not found

          The World Mental Health (WMH) Survey Initiative version of the World Health Organization (WHO) Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI)

          This paper presents an overview of the World Mental Health (WMH) Survey Initiative version of the World Health Organization (WHO) Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) and a discussion of the methodological research on which the development of the instrument was based. The WMH‐CIDI includes a screening module and 40 sections that focus on diagnoses (22 sections), functioning (four sections), treatment (two sections), risk factors (four sections), socio‐demographic correlates (seven sections), and methodological factors (two sections). Innovations compared to earlier versions of the CIDI include expansion of the diagnostic sections, a focus on 12‐month as well as lifetime disorders in the same interview, detailed assessment of clinical severity, and inclusion of information on treatment, risk factors, and consequences. A computer‐assisted version of the interview is available along with a direct data entry software system that can be used to keypunch responses to the paper‐and‐pencil version of the interview. Computer programs that generate diagnoses are also available based on both ICD‐10 and DSM‐IV criteria. Elaborate CD‐ROM‐based training materials are available to teach interviewers how to administer the interview as well as to teach supervisors how to monitor the quality of data collection. Copyright © 2004 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
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            • Record: found
            • Abstract: found
            • Article: not found

            The World Mental Health (WMH) Survey Initiative Version of the World Health Organization (WHO) Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI).

            This paper presents an overview of the World Mental Health (WMH) Survey Initiative version of the World Health Organization (WHO) Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) and a discussion of the methodological research on which the development of the instrument was based. The WMH-CIDI includes a screening module and 40 sections that focus on diagnoses (22 sections), functioning (four sections), treatment (two sections), risk factors (four sections), socio-demographic correlates (seven sections), and methodological factors (two sections). Innovations compared to earlier versions of the CIDI include expansion of the diagnostic sections, a focus on 12-month as well as lifetime disorders in the same interview, detailed assessment of clinical severity, and inclusion of information on treatment, risk factors, and consequences. A computer-assisted version of the interview is available along with a direct data entry software system that can be used to keypunch responses to the paper-and-pencil version of the interview. Computer programs that generate diagnoses are also available based on both ICD-10 and DSM-IV criteria. Elaborate CD-ROM-based training materials are available to teach interviewers how to administer the interview as well as to teach supervisors how to monitor the quality of data collection.
              Bookmark
              • Record: found
              • Abstract: found
              • Article: not found

              Received and perceived social support in times of stress: a test of the social support deterioration deterrence model.

              The authors evaluated the impact of receiving social support on subsequent levels of perceived social support and psychological distress in 2 independent samples of victims of severe natural disasters: Hurricane Hugo (n = 498) and Hurricane Andrew (n = 404). A social support deterioration deterrence model was proposed that stipulated that postdisaster mobilization of received support counteracts the deterioration in expectations of support often experienced by victims of major life events. LISREL analyses of data collected 12 and 24 months after Hugo and 6 and 28 months after Andrew provided strong evidence for the hypothesized model: Perceived support mediated the long-term effects on distress of both scope of disaster exposure and postdisaster received support. Theoretical and application issues of social support are discussed.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                scoffey@umc.edu
                Journal
                J Trauma Stress
                J Trauma Stress
                10.1002/(ISSN)1573-6598
                JTS
                Journal of Traumatic Stress
                John Wiley and Sons Inc. (Hoboken )
                0894-9867
                1573-6598
                05 April 2018
                April 2018
                : 31
                : 2 ( doiID: 10.1002/jts.2018.31.issue-2 )
                : 223-233
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ] Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior University of Mississippi Medical Center Jackson Mississippi USA
                [ 2 ] G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center Jackson Mississippi USA
                [ 3 ] Department of Psychiatry University of Minnesota Minneapolis Minnesota USA
                [ 4 ] Department of Psychology Fairfield University Fairfield Connecticut USA
                [ 5 ] Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics University at Albany State University of New York Rensselaer New York USA
                [ 6 ] School of Public Health Boston University Boston Massachusetts USA
                Author notes
                [*] [* ]Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Scott F. Coffey, PhD, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center 2500 N State Street, Jackson, MS 39216. E‐mail: scoffey@ 123456umc.edu
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4512-1207
                Article
                JTS22270
                10.1002/jts.22270
                6020825
                29623684
                60aa26f3-5f39-44f8-a598-e15141d98b00
                Copyright © 2018 International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies

                This article is being made freely available through PubMed Central as part of the COVID-19 public health emergency response. It can be used for unrestricted research re-use and analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source, for the duration of the public health emergency.

                History
                : 17 April 2017
                : 13 November 2017
                : 28 November 2017
                Page count
                Figures: 2, Tables: 2, Pages: 11, Words: 8337
                Funding
                Funded by: Midwest Regional Postdoctoral Program in Eating Disorder Research
                Award ID: T32 MH087261
                Funded by: National Institutes of Health , open-funder-registry 10.13039/100000002;
                Award ID: MH 078152
                Categories
                Research Article
                Research Articles
                Custom metadata
                2.0
                April 2018
                Converter:WILEY_ML3GV2_TO_JATSPMC version:5.8.0 mode:remove_FC converted:16.04.2020

                Emergency medicine & Trauma
                Emergency medicine & Trauma

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