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      Technologies and perspectives for achieving carbon neutrality

      review-article
      1 , 48 , 49 , , 1 , 48 , 2 , 48 , 49 , 3 , 48 , 49 , 18 , 19 , 48 , 4 , 48 , 49 , 17 , 48 , 5 , 6 , 49 , 1 , 48 , 20 , 48 , 21 , 22 , 48 , 23 , 24 , 48 , 25 , 48 , 1 , 48 , 26 , 27 , 48 , 1 , 48 , 28 , 29 , 48 , 30 , 22 , 48 , 31 , 3 , 48 , 5 , 6 , 48 , 32 , 48 , 33 , 2 , 48 , 34 , 48 , 35 , 48 , 20 , 48 , 36 , 48 , 2 , 48 , 3 , 48 , 37 , 38 , 48 , 39 , 48 , 40 , 32 , 48 , 6 , 48 , 41 , 18 , 48 , 42 , 48 , 43 , 44 , 48 , 45 , 46 , 43 , 3 , 48 , ∗∗ , 47 , 7 , 8 , 9 , ∗∗∗ , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 48 , ∗∗∗∗ , 5 , 48 , ∗∗∗∗∗ , 14 , 15 , ∗∗∗∗∗∗ , 16 , ∗∗∗∗∗∗∗
      The Innovation
      Elsevier
      carbon neutrality, renewable energy, carbon sequestration, carbon capture and utilization, carbon footprint reduction, climate change mitigation

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          There is no author summary for this article yet. Authors can add summaries to their articles on ScienceOpen to make them more accessible to a non-specialist audience.

          Abstract

          Global development has been heavily reliant on the overexploitation of natural resources since the Industrial Revolution. With the extensive use of fossil fuels, deforestation, and other forms of land-use change, anthropogenic activities have contributed to the ever-increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the atmosphere, causing global climate change. In response to the worsening global climate change, achieving carbon neutrality by 2050 is the most pressing task on the planet. To this end, it is of utmost importance and a significant challenge to reform the current production systems to reduce GHG emissions and promote the capture of CO 2 from the atmosphere. Herein, we review innovative technologies that offer solutions achieving carbon (C) neutrality and sustainable development, including those for renewable energy production, food system transformation, waste valorization, C sink conservation, and C-negative manufacturing. The wealth of knowledge disseminated in this review could inspire the global community and drive the further development of innovative technologies to mitigate climate change and sustainably support human activities.

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          Public summary

          • Carbon neutrality may be achieved by reforming current global development systems to minimize greenhouse gas emissions and increase CO 2 capture

          • Harnessing the power of renewable and carbon-neutral resources to produce energy and other fossil-based alternatives may eliminate our dependence on fossil fuels

          • Protecting natural carbon sinks and promoting CO 2 capture, utilization, and storage are conducive to mitigating climate change

          • This review presents the current state, opportunities, challenges, and perspectives of technologies related to achieving carbon neutrality

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          Most cited references313

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          Reviving the lithium metal anode for high-energy batteries

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            Global food demand and the sustainable intensification of agriculture.

            Global food demand is increasing rapidly, as are the environmental impacts of agricultural expansion. Here, we project global demand for crop production in 2050 and evaluate the environmental impacts of alternative ways that this demand might be met. We find that per capita demand for crops, when measured as caloric or protein content of all crops combined, has been a similarly increasing function of per capita real income since 1960. This relationship forecasts a 100-110% increase in global crop demand from 2005 to 2050. Quantitative assessments show that the environmental impacts of meeting this demand depend on how global agriculture expands. If current trends of greater agricultural intensification in richer nations and greater land clearing (extensification) in poorer nations were to continue, ~1 billion ha of land would be cleared globally by 2050, with CO(2)-C equivalent greenhouse gas emissions reaching ~3 Gt y(-1) and N use ~250 Mt y(-1) by then. In contrast, if 2050 crop demand was met by moderate intensification focused on existing croplands of underyielding nations, adaptation and transfer of high-yielding technologies to these croplands, and global technological improvements, our analyses forecast land clearing of only ~0.2 billion ha, greenhouse gas emissions of ~1 Gt y(-1), and global N use of ~225 Mt y(-1). Efficient management practices could substantially lower nitrogen use. Attainment of high yields on existing croplands of underyielding nations is of great importance if global crop demand is to be met with minimal environmental impacts.
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              Progress and Perspectives of Electrochemical CO2 Reduction on Copper in Aqueous Electrolyte

              To date, copper is the only heterogeneous catalyst that has shown a propensity to produce valuable hydrocarbons and alcohols, such as ethylene and ethanol, from electrochemical CO2 reduction (CO2R). There are variety of factors that impact CO2R activity and selectivity, including the catalyst surface structure, morphology, composition, the choice of electrolyte ions and pH, and the electrochemical cell design. Many of these factors are often intertwined, which can complicate catalyst discovery and design efforts. Here we take a broad and historical view of these different aspects and their complex interplay in CO2R catalysis on Cu, with the purpose of providing new insights, critical evaluations, and guidance to the field with regard to research directions and best practices. First, we describe the various experimental probes and complementary theoretical methods that have been used to discern the mechanisms by which products are formed, and next we present our current understanding of the complex reaction networks for CO2R on Cu. We then analyze two key methods that have been used in attempts to alter the activity and selectivity of Cu: nanostructuring and the formation of bimetallic electrodes. Finally, we offer some perspectives on the future outlook for electrochemical CO2R.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Innovation (N Y)
                Innovation (N Y)
                The Innovation
                Elsevier
                2666-6758
                30 October 2021
                28 November 2021
                30 October 2021
                : 2
                : 4
                : 100180
                Affiliations
                [1 ]CAS Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
                [2 ]Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
                [3 ]Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
                [4 ]Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
                [5 ]International Research Center of Big Data for Sustainable Development Goals, Beijing 100094, China
                [6 ]Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China
                [7 ]Joint Laboratory for Ocean Research and Education at Dalhousie University, Shandong University and Xiamen University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada, Qingdao 266237, China, and, Xiamen 361005, China
                [8 ]Institute of Marine Microbes and Ecospheres, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361101, China
                [9 ]State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Carbon Sequestration, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
                [10 ]School of Integrative Plant Science, Section of Soil and Crop Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
                [11 ]Institute for Advanced Studies, Technical University Munich, Garching 85748, Germany
                [12 ]Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1799 Jimei Road, Xiamen, 361021, China
                [13 ]State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
                [14 ]Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen 52074, Germany
                [15 ]Center for Microbial Ecology, Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
                [16 ]Department of Geography and Planning, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 3G3
                [17 ]Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China
                [18 ]South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
                [19 ]Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China
                [20 ]State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan 030001, China
                [21 ]Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E3, Canada
                [22 ]Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
                [23 ]Department of Soil and Groundwater Management, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Wuppertal 42285, Germany
                [24 ]CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Liaoning 110016, China
                [25 ]Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
                [26 ]Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
                [27 ]Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, China
                [28 ]Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266273, China
                [29 ]Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430000, China
                [30 ]Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ, Leipzig 04318, Germany
                [31 ]Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
                [32 ]Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
                [33 ]Catalan Institute for Water Research ICRA-CERCA, Girona 17003, Spain
                [34 ]Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water Resources, Hebei Key Laboratory of Soil Ecology, Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetic and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050021, China
                [35 ]CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
                [36 ]The Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
                [37 ]Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
                [38 ]Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
                [39 ]Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Anhui 230031, China
                [40 ]School of Agriculture and Environment, Institute of Agriculture, University of Western Australia, Crawley 6009, Australia
                [41 ]Institute for Informatics (I 2), Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110-1010, USA
                [42 ]Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China
                [43 ]Key Laboratory of Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
                [44 ]CAS Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
                [45 ]Department of Agro-environment and Ecology, Agricultural University of Tirana, Tirana 1029, Albania
                [46 ]Key Laboratory of Land Surface Process and Climate Change in Cold and Arid Regions, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
                [47 ]Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
                [48 ]University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
                Author notes
                []Corresponding author wangfang@ 123456issas.ac.cn
                [∗∗ ]Corresponding author lixianfeng@ 123456dicp.ac.cn
                [∗∗∗ ]Corresponding author jiao@ 123456xmu.edu.cn
                [∗∗∗∗ ]Corresponding author ygzhu@ 123456iue.ac.cn
                [∗∗∗∗∗ ]Corresponding author hgjin@ 123456iet.cn
                [∗∗∗∗∗∗ ]Corresponding author tiedjej@ 123456msu.edu
                [∗∗∗∗∗∗∗ ]Corresponding author jing.chen@ 123456utoronto.ca
                [49]

                Co-first authors

                Article
                S2666-6758(21)00105-3 100180
                10.1016/j.xinn.2021.100180
                8633420
                34877561
                5fa6597a-8650-4183-94e5-b941487c1e13
                © 2021 The Authors

                This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

                History
                : 20 September 2021
                : 27 October 2021
                Categories
                Review

                carbon neutrality,renewable energy,carbon sequestration,carbon capture and utilization,carbon footprint reduction,climate change mitigation

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