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      A comparison of maxillary sinus diameters in Chinese and Yemeni patients with skeletal malocclusion

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          Abstract

          Background

          This study aimed to compare the maxillary sinus dimensions and surface area in accordance with skeletal malocclusion, gender and ethnicity factors in a sample of Chinese and Yemeni patients.

          Methods

          This cross-sectional study analysed 180 maxillary sinuses using 180 lateral cephalometric radiographs. The patients were subdivided into two ethnic groups: Chinese and Yemeni. Each ethnic group comprised 90 patients, and men and women were divided equally. Each ethnic group was classified into three skeletal classes using ANB and Wits appraisal (skeletal Classes I, II and III). Pearson’s correlation coefficient was also used to assess the relationship between maxillary sinus dimensions and cephalometric parameters.

          Results

          Men had larger maxillary sinuses than women; skeletal Class II had a higher length and surface area increase than other skeletal classes, although skeletal Classes I and II were almost equal in height. Except for the maxillary sinus length, none of these findings were statistically significant. The maxillary sinuses in Chinese are larger than those in Yemenis ( P = 0.000). These variables were positively correlated with SNA, SNB and Co–A. The maxillary sinus length and Co–Gn were positively correlated. The NA–APO and NA–FH angles were also correlated with the maxillary sinus surface area. However, the gonial and GoGn–Sn angles negatively affected the maxillary sinus dimension and surface area.

          Conclusions

          Men had larger maxillary sinuses than women in both ethnic groups, and Chinese individuals had larger maxillary sinuses than Yemenis. Skeletal Class II malocclusion of both ethnicities had larger maxillary sinus dimensions. Furthermore, the maxillary sinus dimensions correlated with cephalometric parameters.

          Supplementary Information

          The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12903-022-02633-0.

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          Most cited references42

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          Establishing malocclusion severity levels on the Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI) scale.

          N Cons, Matthew J. Jenny (1996)
          The Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI) is an orthodontic index based on socially defined aesthetic standards. It is useful in both epidemiological surveys to identify unmet need for orthodontic treatment and as a screening device to determine priority for subsidized orthodontic treatment. An earlier study established the score of 36 on the DAI scale to identify handicapping malocclusions. The purpose of the present study was to determine decision points on the DAI scale that identify malocclusion severity levels less severe than handicapping. Two sources of data were used: 1) The frequency distribution of DAI scores on a probability sample of 1306 study models representing the untreated occlusions found in half a million adolescents. 2) The percent distribution of US youths aged 12-17 by specified case severity reported in an assessment of the occlusion of youths by the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). The decision points separating specific case severities on the DAI scale were determined by relating the proportions of the NCHS population with specified case severities to the cumulative percentages of the frequency distribution of DAI scores on the 1306 models. The NCHS report found 45.8 percent of the sample to have normal or minor malocclusion with no need or slight need for treatment. DAI scores 25 and below corresponded to that proportion of the sample. The NCHS report found 25.2 percent of the sample to have definite malocclusion with treatment being elective. DAI scores between 26 and 30 corresponded to that proportion of the sample. The NCHS report found 13 percent of the population to have severe malocclusion with treatment highly desirable. Fifteen percent were included in this category. DAI scores 31 to 35 corresponded to that proportion of the sample.
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            Topographic anatomy of the inferior wall of the maxillary sinus in Koreans.

            T. J. Kim, Jessie B K Koh, Y C Yoon … (2004)
            Knowledge of the relationship between the root apex and the inferior wall of the maxillary sinus are crucial for diagnosing and treating a sinus pathosis as well as in assisting in dental implantation. Therefore, identifying the proximity between the root apex and the inferior wall of the sinus and clarifying the cortical thickness of the inferior wall of the sinus is essential for determining the topography of a spreading dental infection into the maxillary sinus. Accordingly, knowledge of the topography between the root apex and the inferior wall of maxillary sinus is important for diagnosing and planning dental implantation, endodontic procedures, and orthodontic treatment. This study was undertaken to clarify the morphological and clinical characteristics of the maxillary sinus, particularly the inferior wall of the sinus in Koreans, and to identify the relationship between the inferior wall of the maxillary sinus and the roots of the maxillary teeth. Twenty-four sides of the maxillae of hemi-sectioned Korean heads were used in this study. All specimens were decalcificated and sectioned coronally. On the sectioned specimens, 21 items were measured using an image analyzing system. The distances between the each root apex and the inferior wall of the maxillary sinus were measured. The distance from the root apex to the inferior wall of the sinus was the shortest in the second molar area and the longest in the first premolar area. The thickness of the cortical plate of the inferior wall of the maxillary sinus was thinnest in the first premolar area but it was thickest in the second premolar area. The vertical relationship between the inferior wall and the roots of the maxillary molars was classified into five types. Type I (the inferior wall of the sinus located above the level connecting the buccal and lingual root apices) dominated (54.5% in the first molar area, 52.4% in the second molar area). The horizontal relationship between the inferior wall of the sinus and the root apex was classified into three types. Type 2 (the alveolar recess of the inferior wall of the sinus was located between the buccal and lingual roots) was most common (80% in the first and second molar area). Overall, this study demonstrated the many anatomical characteristics and determined the relationships between the maxillary sinus and their surrounding structures. These findings may have an impact on the clinical management of patients.
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              Validity of 2D lateral cephalometry in orthodontics: a systematic review

              Ana R Durão, Pisha Pittayapat, Maria Rockenbach … (2013)
              Lateral cephalometric radiography is commonly used as a standard tool in orthodontic assessment and treatment planning. The aim of this study was to evaluate the available scientific literature and existing evidence for the validation of using lateral cephalometric imaging for orthodontic treatment planning. The secondary objective was to determine the accuracy and reliability of this technique. We did not attempt to evaluate the value of this radiographic technique for other purposes. A literature search was performed using specific keywords on electronic databases: Ovid MEDLINE, Scopus and Web of Science. Two reviewers selected relevant articles, corresponding to predetermined inclusion criteria. The electronic search was followed by a hand search of the reference lists of relevant papers. Two reviewers assessed the level of evidence of relevant publications as high, moderate or low. Based on this, the evidence grade for diagnostic efficacy was rated as strong, moderately strong, limited or insufficient. The initial search revealed 784 articles listed in MEDLINE (Ovid), 1,034 in Scopus and 264 articles in the Web of Science. Only 17 articles met the inclusion criteria and were selected for qualitative synthesis. Results showed seven studies on the role of cephalometry in orthodontic treatment planning, eight concerning cephalometric measurements and landmark identification and two on cephalometric analysis. It is surprising that, notwithstanding the 968 articles published in peer-reviewed journals, scientific evidence on the usefulness of this radiographic technique in orthodontics is still lacking, with contradictory results. More rigorous research on a larger study population should be performed to achieve full evidence on this topic.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Yi Liu: liuyi@cmu.edu.cn
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): BMC Oral Health
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): BMC Oral Health
                Title: BMC Oral Health
                Publisher: BioMed Central (London )
                ISSN (Electronic): 1472-6831
                Publication date (Electronic): 9 December 2022
                Publication date PMC-release: 9 December 2022
                Publication date Collection: 2022
                Volume: 22
                Electronic Location Identifier: 582
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.412449.e, ISNI 0000 0000 9678 1884, Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, , Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, ; Shenyang, 110002 China
                [2 ]GRID grid.444909.4, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Faculty of Dentistry, , Ibb University, ; Ibb, Republic of Yemen
                [3 ]GRID grid.13291.38, ISNI 0000 0001 0807 1581, Department of Orthodontics, West China School of Stomatology, , Sichuan University, ; Chengdu, Sichuan China
                Article
                Publisher ID: 2633
                DOI: 10.1186/s12903-022-02633-0
                PMC ID: 9733360
                PubMed ID: 36494727
                SO-VID: 5f96ef11-84ee-4676-9fd3-4919c31cfff7
                Copyright © © The Author(s) 2022
                License:

                Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

                History
                Date received : 28 July 2022
                Date accepted : 29 November 2022
                Categories
                Subject: Research
                Custom metadata
                issue-copyright-statement © The Author(s) 2022

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Dentistry
                Keywords: cephalometric radiograph,ethnicity,gender,maxillary sinus,skeletal malocclusion
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Dentistry
                Keywords: cephalometric radiograph, ethnicity, gender, maxillary sinus, skeletal malocclusion

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