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      Gut Microbiota and Obesity: A Role for Probiotics

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          Abstract

          Nowadays, obesity is one of the most prevalent human health problems. Research from the last 30 years has clarified the role of the imbalance between energy intake and expenditure, unhealthy lifestyle, and genetic variability in the development of obesity. More recently, the composition and metabolic functions of gut microbiota have been proposed as being able to affect obesity development. Here, we will report the current knowledge on the definition, composition, and functions of intestinal microbiota. We have performed an extensive review of the literature, searching for the following keywords: metabolism, gut microbiota, dysbiosis, obesity. There is evidence for the association between gut bacteria and obesity both in infancy and in adults. There are several genetic, metabolic, and inflammatory pathophysiological mechanisms involved in the interplay between gut microbes and obesity. Microbial changes in the human gut can be considered a factor involved in obesity development in humans. The modulation of the bacterial strains in the digestive tract can help to reshape the metabolic profile in the human obese host as suggested by several data from animal and human studies. Thus, a deep revision of the evidence pertaining to the use probiotics, prebiotics, and antibiotics in obese patients is conceivable

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          Enterotypes of the human gut microbiome.

          Jan Knol, Omar Lakhdari, Séverine Layec … (2012)
          Our knowledge of species and functional composition of the human gut microbiome is rapidly increasing, but it is still based on very few cohorts and little is known about variation across the world. By combining 22 newly sequenced faecal metagenomes of individuals from four countries with previously published data sets, here we identify three robust clusters (referred to as enterotypes hereafter) that are not nation or continent specific. We also confirmed the enterotypes in two published, larger cohorts, indicating that intestinal microbiota variation is generally stratified, not continuous. This indicates further the existence of a limited number of well-balanced host-microbial symbiotic states that might respond differently to diet and drug intake. The enterotypes are mostly driven by species composition, but abundant molecular functions are not necessarily provided by abundant species, highlighting the importance of a functional analysis to understand microbial communities. Although individual host properties such as body mass index, age, or gender cannot explain the observed enterotypes, data-driven marker genes or functional modules can be identified for each of these host properties. For example, twelve genes significantly correlate with age and three functional modules with the body mass index, hinting at a diagnostic potential of microbial markers.
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            Composition and energy harvesting capacity of the gut microbiota: relationship to diet, obesity and time in mouse models.

            E. Murphy, P. Cotter, S. Healy … (2010)
            Increased efficiency of energy harvest, due to alterations in the gut microbiota (increased Firmicutes and decreased Bacteroidetes), has been implicated in obesity in mice and humans. However, a causal relationship is unproven and contributory variables include diet, genetics and age. Therefore, we explored the effect of a high-fat (HF) diet and genetically determined obesity (ob/ob) for changes in microbiota and energy harvesting capacity over time. Seven-week-old male ob/ob mice were fed a low-fat diet and wild-type mice were fed either a low-fat diet or a HF-diet for 8 weeks (n=8/group). They were assessed at 7, 11 and 15 weeks of age for: fat and lean body mass (by NMR); faecal and caecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFA, by gas chromatography); faecal energy content (by bomb calorimetry) and microbial composition (by metagenomic pyrosequencing). A progressive increase in Firmicutes was confirmed in both HF-fed and ob/ob mice reaching statistical significance in the former, but this phylum was unchanged over time in the lean controls. Reductions in Bacteroidetes were also found in ob/ob mice. However, changes in the microbiota were dissociated from markers of energy harvest. Thus, although the faecal energy in the ob/ob mice was significantly decreased at 7 weeks, and caecal SCFA increased, these did not persist and faecal acetate diminished over time in both ob/ob and HF-fed mice, but not in lean controls. Furthermore, the proportion of the major phyla did not correlate with energy harvest markers. The relationship between the microbial composition and energy harvesting capacity is more complex than previously considered. While compositional changes in the faecal microbiota were confirmed, this was primarily a feature of high-fat feeding rather than genetically induced obesity. In addition, changes in the proportions of the major phyla were unrelated to markers of energy harvest which changed over time. The possibility of microbial adaptation to diet and time should be considered in future studies.
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              The core gut microbiome, energy balance and obesity.

              Peter J. Turnbaugh, Jeffrey Gordon (2009)
              Metagenomics is an emerging field focused on characterizing the structures, functions and dynamic operations of microbial communities sampled in their native habitats without the need for culture. Here, we present findings from a 16S rRNA gene sequence- and whole community DNA shotgun sequencing-based analysis of the adult human gut microbiomes of lean and obese mono- and dizygotic twins. Our findings indicate that a core microbiome can be found at the gene level, despite large variation in community membership, and that variations from the core are associated with obesity. These findings have implications for ongoing Human Microbiome Project(s), and highlight important challenges to the field of metagenomics.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Nutrients
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Nutrients
                Journal ID (publisher-id): nutrients
                Title: Nutrients
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 2072-6643
                Publication date (Electronic): 07 November 2019
                Publication date Collection: November 2019
                Volume: 11
                Issue: 11
                Electronic Location Identifier: 2690
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia, Campus “Salvatore Venuta”, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
                [2 ]Clinical Nutrition Unit, and Internal Medicine Unit, “Madonna del Soccorso” General Hospital, Via Luciano Manara 7, 63074 San Benedetto del Tronto (AP), Italy; scarpidio@ 123456gmail.com
                [3 ]CNR, IBFM UOS, Università degli Studi “Magna Graecia” di Catanzaro, Campus “Salvatore Venuta”, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; carmela.colica@ 123456cnr.it
                [4 ]Greenwood Genetic Center, Greenwood, SC 29646, USA; lboccuto@ 123456ggc.org
                [5 ]Clemson University School of Health Research, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
                [6 ]Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam 44340847, Iran; bahar.salehi007@ 123456gmail.com
                [7 ]Zabol Medicinal Plants Research Center, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol 61615585, Iran; javad.sharifirad@ 123456gmail.com
                [8 ]Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Magna Græcia, Viale Europa, Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; vincenzoaiello91@ 123456gmail.com
                [9 ]Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy; barbara.romano@ 123456unina.it (B.R.); aaizzo@ 123456unina.it (A.A.I.)
                [10 ]Division of Clinical Nutrition and Nutrigenomic, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; delorenzo@ 123456uniroma2.it
                [11 ]Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici (NA), Italy
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: l.abenavoli@ 123456unicz.it (L.A.); rafcapas@ 123456unina.it (R.C.); Tel.: +39-0961-369-4387 (L.A.); +39-081-678-664 (R.C.)
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5922-1524
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6424-1223
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2017-4270
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6900-9797
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7301-8151
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6524-4493
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3335-1822
                Article
                Publisher ID: nutrients-11-02690
                DOI: 10.3390/nu11112690
                PMC ID: 6893459
                PubMed ID: 31703257
                SO-VID: 5e966165-3361-4d8d-939f-10d150cedb3d
                Copyright © © 2019 by the authors.
                License:

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 10 August 2019
                Date accepted : 24 September 2019
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Nutrition & Dietetics
                Keywords: metabolism,gut microbiota,dysbiosis,obesity
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Nutrition & Dietetics
                Keywords: metabolism, gut microbiota, dysbiosis, obesity

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