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      Performance of the Pentagon Drawing test for the screening of older adults with Alzheimer's dementia Translated title: DESEMPENHO DO TESTE DO DESENHO DO PENTÁGONO PARA RASTREIO DE IDOSOS COM DEMÊNCIA DE ALZHEIMER

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          ABSTRACT

          The Pentagon Drawing Test (PDT) is a common cognitive screening test.

          Objective:

          The aim of this study was to evaluate performance properties of a specific PDT scoring scale in older adults with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and healthy controls.

          Methods:

          A cross-sectional study of 390 elderly patients, aged 60 years or older with at least two years of education was conducted. All participants completed clinical and neuropsychological evaluations, including the Cambridge Cognitive Examination, the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), and the Clock Drawing Test. All PDT were blindly scored with the scale of Bourke et al.

          Results:

          PDT analyses of the binary score on the MMSE (0 or 1 point) did not discriminate AD from controls (p = 0.839). However, when PDT was analyzed using the Bourke et al. scale, the two groups could be distinguished (p <0.001). PDT was not affected by education, showed sensitivity of 85.5% and specificity of 66.9%, discriminated different clinical stages of dementia, and correlated with the other cognitive tests (p <0.001). A 1-point difference on the Bourke et al. scale was associated with an odds ratio of 3.46 for AD.

          Conclusion:

          PDT can be used as a cognitive screen for suspected cases of dementia, especially AD, irrespective of educational level.

          RESUMO

          O teste do desenho do pentágono (PDT) é um teste de rastreio cognitivo simples.

          Objetivo:

          O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o desempenho de uma escala específica de pontuação da PDT em idosos com doença de Alzheimer (DA) e controles saudáveis.

          Métodos:

          Estudo transversal, com 390 idosos, com mais de 60 anos de idade, com pelo menos dois anos de escolaridade. Todos os participantes passaram por anamnese clínica e neuropsicológica, incluindo o Cambridge Cognitive Examination (CAMCOG), o Mini-Exame do Estado Mental (MEEM) e o Teste do Desenho do Relógio (TDR). A avaliação do PDT com a escala Bourke et al. foi feita de forma cega.

          Resultados:

          As análises PDT do escore binário do MEEM (0 e 1 ponto) não discriminaram DA dos controles (p = 0,839). Contudo, quando PDT foi avaliada pela escala Bourke et al., verificou-se diferenças estatisticamente significativa (p <0,001). A PDT não sofreu interferência da escolaridade, apresentando sensibilidade de 85,5% e especificidade de 66,9% para discriminar os diferentes estágios clínicos da demência. A escala também mostrou correlação com os testes cognitivos aplicados (p <0,001). Uma diferença de um ponto na escala Bourke et al. foi associada com OR (odds ratio) de 3,46 para DA.

          Conclusão:

          PDT pode ser utilizada como rastreio cognitivo para casos suspeitos de demência, especialmente DA, independentemente.

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          Most cited references30

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          Development of scoring criteria for the clock drawing task in Alzheimer's disease.

          To investigate the reliability and validity of free-hand clock drawings, a frequently used measure of constructional apraxia, in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Survey for the purpose of testing reliability and validity of a new scale. Memory Disorder Clinic at a university-affiliated hospital in the Upper Midwest. Forty-six patients were diagnosed with clinically probable dementia of the Alzheimer type after a dementia evaluation, and 26 normal elderly controls were research volunteers without a history of cognitive dysfunction. Neuropsychological tests, dementia-related scales, and clock drawings rated by a new 20-item Clock Drawing Interpretation Scale. Reliability measures, correlations, and clustering of items in the CDIS. The CDIS had inter-rater reliability (r = .94), internal consistence (rtt = .95), and reproducibility over a 6-month interval. CDIS scores were significantly correlated with two dementia-related scales and all neuropsychological tests and had the highest correlations with other measures of constructional apraxia. All but four Alzheimer patients (91%) and none of the controls had CDIS scores of 18 or less. Clinicians may reliably screen patients with Alzheimer's disease with the clock-drawing task, a measure sensitive to deficits in constructional apraxia.
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            Pentagon drawing and neuropsychological performance in Dementia with Lewy Bodies, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and Parkinson's disease with dementia.

            Early and accurate diagnosis of Dementia with Lewy Bodies (DLB) to allow the appropriate clinical treatment is a priority, given reports of severe neuroleptic sensitivity and a preferential response to cholinesterase inhibitors in these patients. There have been suggestions that constructional apraxia is prevalent in DLB, and may provide a sensitive marker of the disease. This study examined the pentagon drawings of 100 DLB patients, 50 Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients, 81 Parkinson's disease (PD) patients of whom 36 suffered from dementia (PDD). Performance on this task was correlated with cognitive performance on the MMSE and CAMCOG scales. Patients with DLB were found to draw significantly worse pentagons than those with AD or PD, but not those with PDD. Drawing scores were significantly correlated with MMSE scores for the AD and PDD groups but not those with DLB. More detailed analysis of the neuropsychological correlates of constructional performance for patients with AD and DLB, revealed that those with AD showed a broad cognitive basis to their impairment, in DLB drawing was linked only to perception and praxis. This study has suggests that DLB subjects show an impairment of pentagon copying that is dissociable from more global cognitive impairments, whereas PD patients are relatively unimpaired on pentagon copying and AD and PDD patients show a linkage of their impairment in copying with more global cognitive deficits. Copyright 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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              The accuracy of the Clock Drawing Test compared to that of standard screening tests for Alzheimer's disease: results from a study of Brazilian elderly with heterogeneous educational backgrounds.

              Although the Clock Drawing Test (CDT) is the second most used test in the world for the screening of dementia, there is still debate over its sensitivity, specificity, application and interpretation in dementia diagnosis. This study has three main aims: to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of the CDT in a sample composed of older adults with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and normal controls; to compare CDT accuracy to the that of the Mini-mental State Examination (MMSE) and the Cambridge Cognitive Examination (CAMCOG); and to test whether the association of the MMSE with the CDT leads to higher or comparable accuracy as that reported for the CAMCOG. Cross-sectional assessment was carried out for 121 AD and 99 elderly controls with heterogeneous educational levels from a geriatric outpatient clinic who completed the Cambridge Examination for Mental Disorder of the Elderly (CAMDEX). The CDT was evaluated according to the Shulman, Mendez and Sunderland scales. The CDT showed high sensitivity and specificity. There were significant correlations between the CDT and the MMSE (0.700-0.730; p < 0.001) and between the CDT and the CAMCOG (0.753-0.779; p < 0.001). The combination of the CDT with the MMSE improved sensitivity and specificity (SE = 89.2-90%; SP = 71.7-79.8%). Subgroup analysis indicated that for elderly people with lower education, sensitivity and specificity were both adequate and high. The CDT is a robust screening test when compared with the MMSE or the CAMCOG, independent of the scale used for its interpretation. The combination with the MMSE improves its performance significantly, becoming equivalent to the CAMCOG.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Dement Neuropsychol
                Dement Neuropsychol
                dn
                Dementia & Neuropsychologia
                Associação de Neurologia Cognitiva e do Comportamento
                1980-5764
                Jan-Mar 2018
                Jan-Mar 2018
                : 12
                : 1
                : 54-60
                Affiliations
                [1 ]MS, PhD, Division of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine of Jundiaí, Jundiaí, SP, Brazil
                [2 ]MD, Division of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine of Jundiaí, Jundiaí, SP, Brazil
                [3 ]PhD, Division of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine of Jundiaí, Jundiaí, SP, Brazil
                [4 ]MD, MS, PhD, Division of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine of Jundiaí, Jundiaí, SP, Brazil
                Author notes
                Ivan Aprahamian, Department of Internal Medicine / Faculty of Medicine of Jundiaí Rua Francisco Telles 250 13202-550 Jundiaí SP - Brazil. E-mail: ivan.aprahamian@ 123456gmail.com

                Disclosure: The authors report no conflicts of interest.

                Author contribution. All authors drafted and critically revised the manuscript.

                Article
                10.1590/1980-57642018dn12-010008
                5901250
                29682234
                5e3cd655-eaa2-4bd0-9f07-34e7f4f1ef63

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 29 August 2017
                : 08 January 2018
                Categories
                Original Article

                alzheimer's disease,cognitive assessment,screening instrument,doença de alzheimer,avaliação cognitiva,teste de rastreio

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