<i>Tremarctos ornatus</i>(Carnivora: Ursidae)

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Abstract

Tremarctos ornatus (F.G. Cuvier, 1825) is a tremarctine bear commonly known as the Andean bear. It is a medium-sized bear with black to dark red-brown pelage with dense, long, coarse fur; creamy white marks occur on the chin, neck, and chest, and often white to creamy marks occur on the face, around the muzzle, and eyes. It is distributed in the tropical Andes of Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Perú, Bolivia, and northern Argentina in South America. T. ornatus is catalogued as “Vulnerable” (VU) by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources and is included in CITES Appendix I. Main threats include habitat loss and fragmentation, illegal killing, human–bear conflicts, and most likely climate change.

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Most cited references 230

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Mammals of Bolivia, taxonomy and distribution

S. ANDERSON, S Anderson, S.A. Anderson … (1997)

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Mitochondrial genomes reveal an explosive radiation of extinct and extant bears near the Miocene-Pliocene boundary

Krause Johannes, Johannes Krause, Tina Unger … (2008)

Background Despite being one of the most studied families within the Carnivora, the phylogenetic relationships among the members of the bear family (Ursidae) have long remained unclear. Widely divergent topologies have been suggested based on various data sets and methods. Results We present a fully resolved phylogeny for ursids based on ten complete mitochondrial genome sequences from all eight living and two recently extinct bear species, the European cave bear (Ursus spelaeus) and the American giant short-faced bear (Arctodus simus). The mitogenomic data yield a well-resolved topology for ursids, with the sloth bear at the basal position within the genus Ursus. The sun bear is the sister taxon to both the American and Asian black bears, and this clade is the sister clade of cave bear, brown bear and polar bear confirming a recent study on bear mitochondrial genomes. Conclusion Sequences from extinct bears represent the third and fourth Pleistocene species for which complete mitochondrial genomes have been sequenced. Moreover, the cave bear specimen demonstrates that mitogenomic studies can be applied to Pleistocene fossils that have not been preserved in permafrost, and therefore have a broad application within ancient DNA research. Molecular dating of the mtDNA divergence times suggests a rapid radiation of bears in both the Old and New Worlds around 5 million years ago, at the Miocene-Pliocene boundary. This coincides with major global changes, such as the Messinian crisis and the first opening of the Bering Strait, and suggests a global influence of such events on species radiations.

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Riqueza, endemismo y conservación de los mamíferos de Colombia

Sergio Solari, Yaneth Muñoz-Saba, José V Rodríguez-Mahecha … (2013)

Se actualiza la diversidad de especies de mamíferos de Colombia con base en una nueva revisión de especímenes en las mayores colecciones del país y el extranjero y la compilación de cambios taxonómicos recientes que involucran especies presentes en el país. El resultado de estos cambios es un total de 492 especies nativas, que representa un incremento neto de 62 especies respecto a la lista previamente existente (año 2000), lo cual es proporcionalmente mayor al resultado de actualizaciones en otros países neotropicales. Aunque el nivel de conocimiento difiere notoriamente entre grupos, proveemos algunos indicadores generales, como diversidad a nivel de los órdenes, endemismo, patrones de distribución y estado de conservación. La mayor riqueza de especies se da en los órdenes Chiroptera (198 spp.) y Rodentia (122 spp.), pero hay 23 especies endémicas de roedores, contra solo siete de murciélagos. Dependiendo de la naturaleza y escala de las evaluaciones, 39 (MAVDT) a 52 (UICN) especies de mamíferos colombianos se consideran en situación de peligro. Las mayores amenazas continúan siendo la deforestación, así como la cacería y el comercio ilegal.

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Author and article information

Contributors

I Mauricio Vela-Vargas: (View ORCID Profile)

Journal

Title: Mammalian Species

Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)

ISSN (Print): 0076-3519

ISSN (Electronic): 1545-1410

Publication date Created: July 15 2021

Publication date Other: July 15 2021

Publication date (Print): July 15 2021

Publication date (Electronic): July 15 2021

Volume: 53

Issue: 1006

Pages: 78-94

Affiliations

[1 ]School of Natural Resources and the Environment, N335 Environment and Natural Resources 2, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA

[2 ]U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Division of Scientific Authority, 5275 Leesburg Pike, MS: IA, Falls Church, VA 22041-3803, USA

[3 ]Proyecto de Conservación de Aguas y Tierras, ProCAT Colombia/International, Carrera 11 # 96-43, Of. 303, Bogotá, Colombia

[4 ]Haub School of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Wyoming, 201 Bim Kendall House, Laramie, WY 82072, USA

Article

DOI: 10.1093/mspecies/seab008

SO-VID: 5c76f570-89a1-42eb-9fdd-f11ea6e2d00d

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https://academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model

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