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      How to use laser safely in times of COVID‐19: Systematic review

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          Abstract

          Aim

          To conduct a systematic review of the literature on biosafety with the use of lasers.

          Methods

          The systematic review of literature was performed using MEDLINE (PubMed), Science Direct and Web of Science databases. The electronic search strategy included terms in the Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) related to biosafety in dentistry and laser, forms of contamination with aerosols, as well as their synonyms. The selected keywords were “aerosol virus transmission dentistry,” “laser‐generated air contaminants,” “biosafety dentistry laser” combined with the terms AND/OR.

          Results

          A total of 1334 abstracts were reviewed, resulting in inclusion of 23 reviews. The dental surgeons are professionals with a high risk of contamination; high‐power lasers form aerosols that need to be controlled and low‐power lasers must be protected to minimize the risks of cross‐infection.

          Conclusion

          The biosafety of using lasers is important for professionals can be more oriented as to the correct use of this equipment. This study has the relevance of showing biosafety measures for the professional, staff and patients, as well as suggesting that more studies that are clinical should be conducted in this area.

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          Most cited references26

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          World Health Organization declares global emergency: A review of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19)

          Catrin Sohrabi, Zaid Alsafi, Niamh O'Neill … (2020)
          An unprecedented outbreak of pneumonia of unknown aetiology in Wuhan City, Hubei province in China emerged in December 2019. A novel coronavirus was identified as the causative agent and was subsequently termed COVID-19 by the World Health Organization (WHO). Considered a relative of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), COVID-19 is caused by a betacoronavirus named SARS-CoV-2 that affects the lower respiratory tract and manifests as pneumonia in humans. Despite rigorous global containment and quarantine efforts, the incidence of COVID-19 continues to rise, with 90,870 laboratory-confirmed cases and over 3,000 deaths worldwide. In response to this global outbreak, we summarise the current state of knowledge surrounding COVID-19.
          Article 0 comments Cited 2176 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Persistence of coronaviruses on inanimate surfaces and their inactivation with biocidal agents

            G Kampf, D Todt, S. Pfaender … (2020)
            Summary Currently, the emergence of a novel human coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, has become a global health concern causing severe respiratory tract infections in humans. Human-to-human transmissions have been described with incubation times between 2-10 days, facilitating its spread via droplets, contaminated hands or surfaces. We therefore reviewed the literature on all available information about the persistence of human and veterinary coronaviruses on inanimate surfaces as well as inactivation strategies with biocidal agents used for chemical disinfection, e.g. in healthcare facilities. The analysis of 22 studies reveals that human coronaviruses such as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) coronavirus, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) coronavirus or endemic human coronaviruses (HCoV) can persist on inanimate surfaces like metal, glass or plastic for up to 9 days, but can be efficiently inactivated by surface disinfection procedures with 62–71% ethanol, 0.5% hydrogen peroxide or 0.1% sodium hypochlorite within 1 minute. Other biocidal agents such as 0.05–0.2% benzalkonium chloride or 0.02% chlorhexidine digluconate are less effective. As no specific therapies are available for SARS-CoV-2, early containment and prevention of further spread will be crucial to stop the ongoing outbreak and to control this novel infectious thread.
            Article 0 comments Cited 1469 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Transmission routes of 2019-nCoV and controls in dental practice

              Xian Peng, Xin Xu, Yuqing Li … (2020)
              A novel β-coronavirus (2019-nCoV) caused severe and even fetal pneumonia explored in a seafood market of Wuhan city, Hubei province, China, and rapidly spread to other provinces of China and other countries. The 2019-nCoV was different from SARS-CoV, but shared the same host receptor the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). The natural host of 2019-nCoV may be the bat Rhinolophus affinis as 2019-nCoV showed 96.2% of whole-genome identity to BatCoV RaTG13. The person-to-person transmission routes of 2019-nCoV included direct transmission, such as cough, sneeze, droplet inhalation transmission, and contact transmission, such as the contact with oral, nasal, and eye mucous membranes. 2019-nCoV can also be transmitted through the saliva, and the fetal–oral routes may also be a potential person-to-person transmission route. The participants in dental practice expose to tremendous risk of 2019-nCoV infection due to the face-to-face communication and the exposure to saliva, blood, and other body fluids, and the handling of sharp instruments. Dental professionals play great roles in preventing the transmission of 2019-nCoV. Here we recommend the infection control measures during dental practice to block the person-to-person transmission routes in dental clinics and hospitals.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Andrea Dias Neves Lago:
                ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4303-6399
                andrea.lago@ufma.br
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Spec Care Dentist
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Spec Care Dentist
                Journal ID (doi): 10.1111/(ISSN)1754-4505
                Journal ID (publisher-id): SCD
                Title: Special Care in Dentistry
                Publisher: John Wiley and Sons Inc. (Hoboken )
                ISSN (Print): 0275-1879
                ISSN (Electronic): 1754-4505
                Publication date (Electronic): 06 April 2021
                Electronic Location Identifier: 10.1111/scd.12593
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ] Department of Dentistry I Federal University of Maranhão—UFMA São Luís Maranhão Brazil
                [ 2 ] Postgraduate Program in Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences University Nove de Julho UNINOVE São Paulo Brazil
                [ 3 ] Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, School of Dentistry Federal University of Maranhão São Luís Maranhão Brazil
                [ 4 ] Department of Operative Dentistry, School of Dentistry University of São Paulo São Paulo Brazil
                Author notes
                [*] [* ] Correspondence

                Andréa Dias Neves Lago, Department of Dentistry I, Federal University of Maranhão—UFMA, São Luís‐MA., Avenida dos Portugueses, 1966, Vila Bacanga, São Luís‐MA 65080‐805, Brazil.

                Email: andrea.lago@ 123456ufma.br

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4303-6399
                Article
                Publisher ID: SCD12593
                DOI: 10.1111/scd.12593
                PMC ID: 8250468
                PubMed ID: 33822391
                SO-VID: 591f705a-a4f6-4ec3-b26e-76fa977400b4
                Copyright © © 2021 Special Care Dentistry Association and Wiley Periodicals LLC
                License:

                This article is being made freely available through PubMed Central as part of the COVID-19 public health emergency response. It can be used for unrestricted research re-use and analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source, for the duration of the public health emergency.

                History
                Date revision received : 03 March 2021
                Date received : 05 November 2020
                Date accepted : 23 March 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 1, Tables: 4, Pages: 11, Words: 5863
                Categories
                Subject: Systematic Review
                Subject: Systematic Reviews
                Custom metadata
                source-schema-version-number 2.0
                edited-state corrected-proof
                details-of-publishers-convertor Converter:WILEY_ML3GV2_TO_JATSPMC version:6.0.4 mode:remove_FC converted:02.07.2021

                Keywords: 2019‐ncov pandemic,aerosols,biosafety,covid‐19,lasers
                Data availability:
                Keywords: 2019‐ncov pandemic, aerosols, biosafety, covid‐19, lasers

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