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      Caracterização da cultura de crack na cidade de São Paulo: padrão de uso controlado Translated title: Characterization of the crack cocaine culture in the city of São Paulo: a controlled pattern of use Translated title: Caracterización de la cultura de crack en la ciudad de Sao Paulo: el padrón del uso controlado

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          Abstract

          OBJETIVO: Caracterizar a situação do uso de crack na cidade de São Paulo, assim como o perfil sociodemográfico de seu usuário. PROCEDIMENTOS METODOLÓGICOS: Estudo qualitativo etnográfico com amostra intencional de usuários (n=45) e ex-usuários de crack (n=17). Os participantes foram recrutados pela técnica de amostragem em cadeias e responderam a uma entrevista semi-estruturada, direcionada por questionário, durante os anos de 2004 e 2005. O conjunto de cada questão e suas respectivas respostas originou relatórios específicos que foram interpretados individualmente. ANÁLISE DOS RESULTADOS: O perfil predominante do usuário de crack foi ser homem, jovem, solteiro, de baixa classe socioeconômica, baixo nível de escolaridade e sem vínculos empregatícios formais. O padrão de uso mais freqüentemente citado foi o compulsivo, caracterizado pelo uso múltiplo de drogas e desenvolvimento de atividades ilícitas em troca de crack ou dinheiro. Entretanto, identificou-se o uso controlado que consiste no uso não-diário de crack, mediado por fatores individuais, desenvolvidos intuitivamente pelo usuário e semelhantes, em natureza, às estratégias adotadas por ex-usuários para o alcance do estado de abstinência. CONCLUSÕES: A cultura do uso de crack tem sofrido mudanças quanto ao padrão de uso. Embora a maioria dos usuários o faça de forma compulsiva, observou-se a existência do uso controlado, que merece maior detalhamento, principalmente quanto às estratégias adotadas para seu alcance.

          Translated abstract

          OBJECTIVE: To characterize the situation regarding crack cocaine use in the city of São Paulo, along with the sociodemographic profile of its users. METHODOLOGICAL PROCEDURES: Qualitative ethnographic study carried out with an intentional sample of crack cocaine users (n=45) and former users (n=17). The participants were recruited by means of the chain sampling method and they underwent a semi-structured interview guided by a questionnaire, in 2004 and 2005. The combination of each question and its respective responses gave rise to specific reports that were interpreted individually. ANALYSIS OF THE RESULTS: The predominating profile of the crack cocaine users was that they were single young men of low socioeconomic class and low schooling level, without formal employment ties. The pattern of use most frequently cited was compulsive, characterized by multiple drug use and carrying out illegal activities in exchange for crack cocaine or money. However, controlled use was also identified. This consisted of non-daily use of crack cocaine mediated by individual factors that were developed intuitively by the user. Controlled use was similar in nature to the strategies adopted by former users to achieve a state of abstinence. CONCLUSIONS: The culture of crack cocaine use has undergone changes regarding the pattern of use. Although most users do so compulsively, the existence of controlled use was observed. This deserves to be investigated in more detail, particularly with regard to the strategies adopted to attain this.

          Translated abstract

          OBJETIVO: Caracterizar la situación del uso de crack en la ciudad de Sao Paulo, así como el perfil sociodemográfico del usuario. PROCEDIMENTOS METODOLÓGICOS: Estudio cualitativo etnográfico con muestra intencional de usuarios (n=45) y ex-usuarios de crack (n=17). Los participantes fueron reclutados por la técnica de toma de muestra en cadenas y respondieron a una entrevista semi-estructurada, direccionada por cuestionario, durante los anos de 2004 y 2005. El conjunto de cada pregunta y sus respectivas respuestas originó informes específicos que fueron interpretados individualmente. ANÁLISE DOS RESULTADOS: El perfil predominante de usuario de crack fue ser hombre, joven, soltero, de baja clase socioeconómica, bajo nivel de escolaridad y sin vínculos de empleo formal. El padrón de uso mas frecuente citado fue el compulsivo, caracterizado por el uso múltiple de drogas y desarrollo de actividades ilícitas en cambio por crack o dinero. Sin embargo, se identificó el uso controlado que consiste en el uso no diario de crack, mediado por factores individuales, desarrollados intuitivamente por el usuario y semejantes, en naturaleza, a las estrategias adoptadas por ex-usuario para el alcance del estado de abstinencia. CONCLUSÕES: La cultura del uso de crack ha sufrido cambios en relación al padrón de uso. A pesar de la mayoría de los usuarios lo haga de forma compulsiva, se observó la existencia del uso controlado, que merece mas detalles, principalmente en relación a las estrategias adoptadas para su alcance.

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          Qualitative inquire and research design. Choosing among five traductions

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            Effects of concurrent use of alcohol and cocaine.

            The combination of alcohol and cocaine is popular among drug users, perhaps because of more intense feelings of 'high' beyond that perceived with either drug alone, less intense feelings of alcohol-induced inebriation and tempering of discomfort when coming down from a cocaine 'high'. A review is presented of the medical literature on psychological and somatic effects and consequences of combined use of alcohol and cocaine in man. The search was carried out with Medline, the Science Citation Index/Web of Science and Toxline. Exclusion and inclusion criteria for this search are identified. There is generally no evidence that the combination of the two drugs does more than enhance additively the already strong tendency of each drug to induce a variety of physical and psychological disorders. A few exceptions must be noted. Cocaine consistently antagonizes the learning deficits, psychomotor performance deficits and driving deficits induced by alcohol. The combination of alcohol and cocaine tends to have greater-than-additive effects on heart rate, concomitant with up to 30% increased blood cocaine levels. Both prospective and retrospective data further reveal that co-use leads to the formation of cocaethylene, which may potentiate the cardiotoxic effects of cocaine or alcohol alone. More importantly, retrospective data suggest that the combination can potentiate the tendency towards violent thoughts and threats, which may lead to an increase of violent behaviours.
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              Crack cocaine and cocaine hydrochloride. Are the differences myth or reality?

              To review and discuss the differences and similarities between the use of crack cocaine and cocaine hydrochloride; and to determine how these findings might affect policies on the imprisonment and treatment of cocaine users. English-language publications were identified through a computerized search (using MEDLINE) between 1976 and 1996 using the search terms "smoked cocaine," "crack cocaine," "freebase," and "cocaine-base." In addition, manual searches were conducted on references cited in original research articles, reviews, and an annotated bibliography, and on selected journals. Only those articles that compared various routes of cocaine administration or types of cocaine (cocaine base or crack cocaine vs cocaine hydrochloride) were examined. Studies were reviewed to obtain information on the composition of the 2 forms of cocaine, and the prevalence, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, abuse liability, pattern of use, and consequences across the various routes of cocaine administration and forms of cocaine. Cocaine hydrochloride is readily converted to base prior to use. The physiological and psychoactive effects of cocaine are similar regardless of whether it is in the form of cocaine hydrochloride or crack cocaine (cocaine base). However, evidence exists showing a greater abuse liability, greater propensity for dependence, and more severe consequences when cocaine is smoked (cocaine-base) or injected intravenously (cocaine hydrochloride) compared with intranasal use (cocaine hydrochloride). The crucial variables appear to be the immediacy, duration, and magnitude of cocaine's effect, as well as the frequency and amount of cocaine used rather than the form of the cocaine. Furthermore, cocaine hydrochloride used intranasally may be a gateway drug or behavior to using crack cocaine. Based on these findings, the federal sentencing guidelines allowing possession of 100 times more cocaine hydrochloride than crack cocaine to trigger mandatory minimum penalties is deemed excessive. Although crack cocaine has been linked with crime to a greater extent than cocaine hydrochloride, many of these crimes are associated with the addiction to cocaine. Therefore, those addicted individuals who are incarcerated for the sale or possession of cocaine are better served by treatment than prison.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                rsp
                Revista de Saúde Pública
                Rev. Saúde Pública
                Faculdade de Saúde Pública da Universidade de São Paulo (São Paulo )
                1518-8787
                August 2008
                : 42
                : 4
                : 664-671
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Centro de Informações sobre Saúde e Álcool Brasil
                [2 ] Universidade Federal de São Paulo Brazil
                Article
                S0034-89102008000400012
                10.1590/s0034-89102008000400012
                5857d86a-96c3-4b59-9e36-75ec29fca67e

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielosp.org/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0034-8910&lng=en
                Categories
                Health Policy & Services

                Public health
                Crack Cocaine,Substance-Related Disorders,Socioeconomic Factors,Health Knowledge,Qualitative Research,Cocaína Crocante,Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias,Factores Socioeconómicos,Conocimientos,Investigación Cualitativa,Cocaína Crack,Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias,Fatores Socioeconômicos,Conhecimentos,Pesquisa Qualitativa

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