Novel Interactions Involving the Mas Receptor Show Potential of the Renin–Angiotensin system in the Regulation of Microglia Activation: Altered Expression in Parkinsonism and Dyskinesia

Abstract

The renin–angiotensin system (RAS) not only plays an important role in controlling blood pressure but also participates in almost every process to maintain homeostasis in mammals. Interest has recently increased because SARS viruses use one RAS component (ACE2) as a target-cell receptor. The occurrence of RAS in the basal ganglia suggests that the system may be targeted to improve the therapy of neurodegenerative diseases. RAS-related data led to the hypothesis that RAS receptors may interact with each other. The aim of this paper was to find heteromers formed by Mas and angiotensin receptors and to address their functionality in neurons and microglia. Novel interactions were discovered by using resonance energy transfer techniques. The functionality of individual and interacting receptors was assayed by measuring levels of the second messengers cAMP and Ca ²⁺ in transfected human embryonic kidney cells (HEK-293T) and primary cultures of striatal cells. Receptor complex expression was assayed by in situ proximity ligation assay. Functionality and expression were assayed in parallel in primary cultures of microglia treated or not with lipopolysaccharide and interferon-γ (IFN-γ). The proximity ligation assay was used to assess heteromer expression in parkinsonian and dyskinetic conditions. Complexes formed by Mas and the angiotensin AT ₁ or AT ₂ receptors were identified in both a heterologous expression system and in neural primary cultures. In the heterologous system, we showed that the three receptors—MasR, AT ₁R, and AT ₂R—can interact to form heterotrimers. The expression of receptor dimers (AT ₁R-MasR or AT ₂R-MasR) was higher in microglia than in neurons and was differentially affected upon microglial activation with lipopolysaccharide and IFN-γ. In all cases, agonist-induced signaling was reduced upon coactivation, and in some cases just by coexpression. Also, the blockade of signaling of two receptors in a complex by the action of a given (selective) receptor antagonist (cross-antagonism) was often observed. Differential expression of the complexes was observed in the striatum under parkinsonian conditions and especially in animals rendered dyskinetic by levodopa treatment. The negative modulation of calcium mobilization (mediated by AT ₁R activation), the multiplicity of possibilities on RAS affecting the MAPK pathway, and the disbalanced expression of heteromers in dyskinesia yield new insight into the operation of the RAS system, how it becomes unbalanced, and how a disbalanced RAS can be rebalanced. Furthermore, RAS components in activated microglia warrant attention in drug-development approaches to address neurodegeneration.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13311-020-00986-4.