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      Introducing the Bidimensional Model of Hope and its conceptual and methodological utilities

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          Abstract

          What is hope, and how can we measure it? These questions have occupied the minds of hope scholars across disciplines. This article outlines a comprehensive approach to understanding hope: the Bidimensional Model of Hope. Building on the standard definition of hope, the bidimensional model explores hope as the intersection between wishes (desires, aspirations) and expectations (assessment of possibility). Hope is thus located on a bidimensional plane with two perpendicular axes; one corresponds to the levels of wishes to achieve an outcome, and the second to the levels of expectations of achieving the outcome. We claim that the bidimensional approach is comprehensive enough to include existing definitions of hope while being parsimonious, versatile, and applicable to many contexts, including those where the hoped-for outcome is beyond people’s actual or perceived control. We show the model’s theoretical and methodological utility and its use in existing qualitative and quantitative research on hope in the context of intractable international conflicts. We end with suggesting pathways for developing and applying the Bidimensional Model of Hope to assist hope research in a variety of contexts and disciplines.

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          Most cited references81

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          Universal dimensions of social cognition: warmth and competence.

          Like all perception, social perception reflects evolutionary pressures. In encounters with conspecifics, social animals must determine, immediately, whether the "other" is friend or foe (i.e. intends good or ill) and, then, whether the "other" has the ability to enact those intentions. New data confirm these two universal dimensions of social cognition: warmth and competence. Promoting survival, these dimensions provide fundamental social structural answers about competition and status. People perceived as warm and competent elicit uniformly positive emotions and behavior, whereas those perceived as lacking warmth and competence elicit uniform negativity. People classified as high on one dimension and low on the other elicit predictable, ambivalent affective and behavioral reactions. These universal dimensions explain both interpersonal and intergroup social cognition.
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            Belief and feeling: evidence for an accessibility model of emotional self-report.

            This review organizes a variety of phenomena related to emotional self-report. In doing so, the authors offer an accessibility model that specifies the types of factors that contribute to emotional self-reports under different reporting conditions. One important distinction is between emotion, which is episodic, experiential, and contextual, and beliefs about emotion, which are semantic, conceptual, and decontextualized. This distinction is important in understanding the discrepancies that often occur when people are asked to report on feelings they are currently experiencing versus those that they are not currently experiencing. The accessibility model provides an organizing framework for understanding self-reports of emotion and suggests some new directions for research.
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              The will and the ways: Development and validation of an individual-differences measure of hope.

              Defining hope as a cognitive set that is composed of a reciprocally derived sense of successful (a) agency (goal-directed determination) and (b) pathways (planning of ways to meet goals), an individual-differences measure is developed. Studies demonstrate acceptable internal consistency and test-retest reliability, and the factor structure identifies the agency and pathways components of the Hope Scale. Convergent and discriminant validity are documented, along with evidence suggesting that Hope Scale scores augmented the prediction of goal-related activities and coping strategies beyond other self-report measures. Construct validational support is provided in regard to predicted goal-setting behaviors; moreover, the hypothesized goal appraisal processes that accompany the various levels of hope are corroborated.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                URI : https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/1832662/overviewRole: Role: Role: Role: Role: Role: Role: Role:
                Role: Role: Role:
                Journal
                Front Psychol
                Front Psychol
                Front. Psychol.
                Frontiers in Psychology
                Frontiers Media S.A.
                1664-1078
                19 November 2024
                2024
                : 15
                : 1456303
                Affiliations
                Department of Psychology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Jerusalem, Israel
                Author notes

                Edited by: Angelina Wilson Fadiji, De Montfort University, United Kingdom

                Reviewed by: Ashten Duncan, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, United States

                Rachel H. Colla, University of Melbourne, Australia

                *Correspondence: Oded Adomi Leshem, oded.leshem@ 123456mail.huji.ac.il
                Article
                10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1456303
                11611542
                39629184
                5638e40a-4419-471d-8c6f-9ab7524085c3
                Copyright © 2024 Leshem and Halperin.

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                : 28 June 2024
                : 18 October 2024
                Page count
                Figures: 1, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 84, Pages: 10, Words: 10328
                Funding
                The author(s) declare that no financial support was received for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
                Categories
                Psychology
                Conceptual Analysis
                Custom metadata
                Positive Psychology

                Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                bidimensional model of hope,hope conceptualization,hope definition,hope measurement,hope in conflict,hope and politics,hope and social change

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