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      Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and COVID-19: Harmless companions or disease intensifier?

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          Abstract

          The pandemics of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) coexist. Elevated liver function tests are frequent in COVID-19 and may influence liver damage in NAFLD, while preexisting liver damage from NAFLD may influence the course of COVID-19. However, the prognostic relevance of this interaction, though, is unclear. Obesity is a risk factor for the presence of NAFLD as well as a severe course of COVID-19. Cohort studies reveal conflicting results regarding the influence of NAFLD presence on COVID-19 illness severity. Striking molecular similarities of cytokine pathways in both diseases, including postacute sequelae of COVID-19, suggest common pathways for chronic low-activity inflammation. This review will summarize existing data regarding the interaction of both diseases and discuss possible mechanisms of the influence of one disease on the other.

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          SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry Depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and Is Blocked by a Clinically Proven Protease Inhibitor

          Markus Hoffmann, Hannah Kleine-Weber, Simon Schroeder … (2020)
          Summary The recent emergence of the novel, pathogenic SARS-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in China and its rapid national and international spread pose a global health emergency. Cell entry of coronaviruses depends on binding of the viral spike (S) proteins to cellular receptors and on S protein priming by host cell proteases. Unravelling which cellular factors are used by SARS-CoV-2 for entry might provide insights into viral transmission and reveal therapeutic targets. Here, we demonstrate that SARS-CoV-2 uses the SARS-CoV receptor ACE2 for entry and the serine protease TMPRSS2 for S protein priming. A TMPRSS2 inhibitor approved for clinical use blocked entry and might constitute a treatment option. Finally, we show that the sera from convalescent SARS patients cross-neutralized SARS-2-S-driven entry. Our results reveal important commonalities between SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV infection and identify a potential target for antiviral intervention.
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            Post-acute COVID-19 syndrome

            Ani Nalbandian, Kartik Sehgal, Aakriti Gupta … (2021)
            Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the pathogen responsible for the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, which has resulted in global healthcare crises and strained health resources. As the population of patients recovering from COVID-19 grows, it is paramount to establish an understanding of the healthcare issues surrounding them. COVID-19 is now recognized as a multi-organ disease with a broad spectrum of manifestations. Similarly to post-acute viral syndromes described in survivors of other virulent coronavirus epidemics, there are increasing reports of persistent and prolonged effects after acute COVID-19. Patient advocacy groups, many members of which identify themselves as long haulers, have helped contribute to the recognition of post-acute COVID-19, a syndrome characterized by persistent symptoms and/or delayed or long-term complications beyond 4 weeks from the onset of symptoms. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of the current literature on post-acute COVID-19, its pathophysiology and its organ-specific sequelae. Finally, we discuss relevant considerations for the multidisciplinary care of COVID-19 survivors and propose a framework for the identification of those at high risk for post-acute COVID-19 and their coordinated management through dedicated COVID-19 clinics.
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              EASL-EASD-EASO Clinical Practice Guidelines for the management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

              (2016)
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Christoph G Dietrich
                Andreas Geier
                Uta Merle
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): World J Gastroenterol
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): World J Gastroenterol
                Journal ID (publisher-id): WJG
                Title: World Journal of Gastroenterology
                Publisher: Baishideng Publishing Group Inc
                ISSN (Print): 1007-9327
                ISSN (Electronic): 2219-2840
                Publication date (Print): 14 January 2023
                Publication date (Electronic): 14 January 2023
                Volume: 29
                Issue: 2
                Pages: 367-377
                Affiliations
                Gastro-Praxis Wiesbaden, Leberzentrum Wiesbaden, Wiesbaden 65189, Germany. christoph.g.dietrich@ 123456gmail.com
                Division of Hepatology, Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg 97080, Germany
                Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
                Author notes

                Author contributions: Dietrich CG developed the concept of the review; and all authors contributed to literature searching and writing the manuscript.

                Corresponding author: Christoph G Dietrich, MD, PhD, Consultant Physician-Scientist, Gastro-Praxis Wiesbaden, Leberzentrum Wiesbaden, Langenbeckplatz 2, Wiesbaden 65189, Germany. christoph.g.dietrich@ 123456gmail.com

                Article
                Other ID: jWJG.v29.i2.pg367
                DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v29.i2.367
                PMC ID: 9846932
                PubMed ID: 36687116
                SO-VID: 556efc8d-e2da-4956-b345-e041abdc9c5c
                Copyright © ©The Author(s) 2023. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.
                License:

                This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: https://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/

                History
                Date received : 1 October 2022
                Date revision received : 9 November 2022
                Date accepted : 21 December 2022
                Categories
                Subject: Minireviews

                Keywords: covid-19,postacute sequelae of covid-19,non-alcoholic fatty liver disease,non-alcoholic steatohepatitis,inflammation,fatty liver
                Data availability:
                Keywords: covid-19, postacute sequelae of covid-19, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, inflammation, fatty liver

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