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      Multi‐ecosystem services differently affected by over‐canopy and understory nitrogen additions in a typical subtropical forest

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          Abstract

          Obtaining a holistic understanding of the impacts of atmospheric nitrogen deposition on multiple ecosystem services of forest is essential for developing comprehensive and sustainable strategies, particularly in heavy N deposition regions such as subtropical China. However, such impacts remain incompletely understood, with most previous studies focus on individual ecosystem function or service via understory N addition experiments. To address this knowledge gap, we quantified the effects of over‐canopy and understory N additions on multiple ecosystem services based on a 7‐year large‐scale field experiment in a typical subtropical forest. Our results showed continued over‐canopy N addition with 50 kg ha −1 year −1 over a period of 4–7 years significantly increased plant nutrient retention, but did not affect the services of soil nutrient accumulation, water yield, C sequestration (in plants and soil), or oxygen release. There were trade‐offs between the soil and plant on providing the services of nutrient accumulation/retention and C sequestration under over‐canopy N addition. However, without uptake and retention of tree canopy, the trade‐off between soil and plant were more weaken under the understory N addition with 50 kg ha −1 year −1, and their relationships were even synergetic under the understory N addition with 25 kg ha −1 year −1. The results suggest that understory N addition cannot accurately simulate the effects of atmospheric N deposition on multiple services, along with mutual relationships. Interestingly, the services of plant N, P retention, and C sequestration exhibited a synergetic increase under the over‐canopy N addition but a decrease under the understory N addition. Our results also found tree layer plays a primary role in providing plant nutrient retention service and is sensitive to atmospheric N deposition. Further studies are needed to investigate the generalized effects of forest canopy processes on alleviating the threaten of global change factors in different forest ecosystems.

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          The value of the world's ecosystem services and natural capital

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            Transformation of the nitrogen cycle: recent trends, questions, and potential solutions.

            Humans continue to transform the global nitrogen cycle at a record pace, reflecting an increased combustion of fossil fuels, growing demand for nitrogen in agriculture and industry, and pervasive inefficiencies in its use. Much anthropogenic nitrogen is lost to air, water, and land to cause a cascade of environmental and human health problems. Simultaneously, food production in some parts of the world is nitrogen-deficient, highlighting inequities in the distribution of nitrogen-containing fertilizers. Optimizing the need for a key human resource while minimizing its negative consequences requires an integrated interdisciplinary approach and the development of strategies to decrease nitrogen-containing waste.
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              Enhanced nitrogen deposition over China.

              China is experiencing intense air pollution caused in large part by anthropogenic emissions of reactive nitrogen. These emissions result in the deposition of atmospheric nitrogen (N) in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, with implications for human and ecosystem health, greenhouse gas balances and biological diversity. However, information on the magnitude and environmental impact of N deposition in China is limited. Here we use nationwide data sets on bulk N deposition, plant foliar N and crop N uptake (from long-term unfertilized soils) to evaluate N deposition dynamics and their effect on ecosystems across China between 1980 and 2010. We find that the average annual bulk deposition of N increased by approximately 8 kilograms of nitrogen per hectare (P < 0.001) between the 1980s (13.2 kilograms of nitrogen per hectare) and the 2000s (21.1 kilograms of nitrogen per hectare). Nitrogen deposition rates in the industrialized and agriculturally intensified regions of China are as high as the peak levels of deposition in northwestern Europe in the 1980s, before the introduction of mitigation measures. Nitrogen from ammonium (NH4(+)) is the dominant form of N in bulk deposition, but the rate of increase is largest for deposition of N from nitrate (NO3(-)), in agreement with decreased ratios of NH3 to NOx emissions since 1980. We also find that the impact of N deposition on Chinese ecosystems includes significantly increased plant foliar N concentrations in natural and semi-natural (that is, non-agricultural) ecosystems and increased crop N uptake from long-term-unfertilized croplands. China and other economies are facing a continuing challenge to reduce emissions of reactive nitrogen, N deposition and their negative effects on human health and the environment.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Global Change Biology
                Global Change Biology
                Wiley
                1354-1013
                1365-2486
                February 2024
                February 18 2024
                February 2024
                : 30
                : 2
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany &amp; Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou China
                [2 ] Guangdong Forestry Survey and Planning Institute Guangzhou China
                [3 ] Guangzhou Collaborative Innovation Center on Science‐Tech of Ecology and Landscape, Guangzhou Institute of Forestry and Landscape Architecture Guangzhou National Field Station for Scientific Observation and Research of Urban Ecosystem Guangzhou China
                [4 ] Forestry Comprehensive Affairs Center of Baiyun District Guangzhou China
                [5 ] School of Marine Sciences Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou China
                [6 ] Department of Biological Sciences Tennessee State University Nashville Tennessee USA
                Article
                10.1111/gcb.17192
                52fe4107-99be-4ce9-a555-982fb28ecdd9
                © 2024

                http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor

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