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      Progress, challenges, and opportunities in enhancing NOM flocculation using chemically modified chitosan: a review towards future development

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          Abstract

          Natural organic matter (NOM) occurs ubiquitously in water bodies and this can greatly affect feed or raw water quality (taste, colour, odour, bacterial growth). Chemically modified chitosan can effectively remove NOM by the flocculation process.

          Abstract

          Natural organic matter (NOM) occurs ubiquitously in water bodies and this can greatly affect feed or raw water quality (taste, colour, odour, bacterial growth). Furthermore, it reduces the performance of the coagulation-based water treatment process. Because the NOM content and its chemical complexity are increasing throughout the world, the removal of NOM from water has become a major challenge in supplying the required amounts of good quality water. The coagulation–flocculation process is widely used for purifying urban water supplies. However, it is not always sufficiently successful in removing the augmented NOM in the feed water, mostly because the polyelectrolytes currently used as coagulants/flocculants cannot effectively interact with all the NOM components consisting of different functional groups, molecular weights, charges, and hydrophobicity. Within the class of polyelectrolytes, chitosan (Cs), which is produced by the deacetylation of abundantly available chitin, has been tested in removing NOM. The effectiveness of Cs can be further improved by chemically modifying the abundant free amino and hydroxyl groups along the Cs chain backbone. This will provide new functional groups that can increase the positive charges, molecular weight, and allow for solubility over a wider pH range, as well as introduce tailored groups which interact in an optimised way with NOM, thereby reducing the solubility of the formed complexes. This paper critically reviews the chemistry of the formed polyelectrolyte/NOM complexes and provides information on how this can be taken advantage of, to identify modified chemical structures of Cs to improve NOM removal in water treatment strategies.

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          Most cited references5

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          The Hydrophobic Effect. Formation of Micelles and Biological Membranes

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            Natural Organic Matter in Water: characterization and treatment methods

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              Hydrocolloids – Part I

              Rinaudo (2000)
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                (View ORCID Profile)
                Journal
                ESWRAR
                Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology
                Environ. Sci.: Water Res. Technol.
                Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
                2053-1400
                2053-1419
                2020
                2020
                : 6
                : 1
                : 45-61
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology
                [2 ]University of Technology
                [3 ]Sydney
                [4 ]Australia
                [5 ]Technische Universität Berlin
                [6 ]Stranski-Laboratorium für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie
                [7 ]Institut für Chemie
                [8 ]D-10623 Berlin
                [9 ]Germany
                [10 ]Sydney Water
                [11 ]Parramatta
                Article
                10.1039/C9EW00596J
                52b4cbd2-81ae-4a75-a913-0afb53b1f5ab
                © 2020

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

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