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      De la “tierra del futbol” a la “tierra de los megaeventos”: una evaluación de la modernización de los estadios brasileños bajo la perspectiva de los seguidores organizados de São Paulo Translated title: From the “Land of Soccer” to the “Land of Megaevents”: An Assessment of the Modernization of Brazilian Stadiums Through the Perspective of Organized Fans in São Paulo

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          Abstract

          Resumen: Este ensayo busca evaluar la así llamada “herencia” de la Copa Mundial de la FIFA 2014 mediante el análisis del periodo posterior al Mundial de Futbol en Brasil. El estudio examina la relación entre las nuevas arenas y los aficionados, en especial los grupos llamados “torcidas organizadas”. Primero describimos todas las transformaciones arquitectónicas y de infraestructura que se llevaron a cabo para la Copa Mundial; luego revisamos la literatura relacionada con los usos y ocupaciones de los nuevos estadios por parte de los seguidores; y, por último, presentamos una encuesta aplicada tras el Mundial de Futbol a los seguidores de São Paulo. Esta encuesta nos permitió identificar algunos aspectos positivos y negativos mencionados por los usuarios de las instalaciones deportivas, con una distinción entre la modernización de los estadios para cumplir con los estándares de la FIFA y su utilidad a posteriori, en particular para la así llamada “celebración” en las gradas -banderolas, banderas, cantos y coreografías- durante los campeonatos estatales y nacionales. A la luz del “clubismo” en el futbol -una forma de apoyar a un club que difiere de la forma en que se apoya al equipo nacional-, concluimos con un punto de vista heterogéneo y distinto, tal como lo presentan miembros de las “torcidas organizadas”.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract: This article aims to assess the so-called “legacy” of the 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil through an analysis of the period following this event. It examines the relationship between the new arenas and the fans, particularly those known as the torcidas organizadas. It opens by describing the architectonic and infrastructural transformations that were carried out for the World Cup, reviews the literature on how fans have used and occupied these new stadiums and concludes with a survey of fans in São Paulo in the wake of the World Cup. This survey allows for the identification of the positive and negative aspects of the new athletic facilities as mentioned by their users, distinguishing between the modernization of stadiums to meet FIFA standards and their a posteriori uses, particularly the so-called celebrations in the stands -banners, flags, songs and dances- during state and national championships. Through “clubism” in soccer -a way of supporting a club that differs from the way in which one supports the national team- the article concludes with the heterogeneous, differing perspectives of the members of the torcidas organizadas.

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          Estatística aplicada a ciências humanas

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            O impacto da escolaridade sobre a distribuição de renda

            Este trabalho investiga o impacto da escolaridade sobre a distribuição de renda do trabalho de Estados/ regiões do Brasil, usando um método semiparamétrico, seguindo DiNardo, Fortin e Lemieux (1996) e informações da PNAD de 1999. Foram construídas densidades contrafactuais, reponderando a distribuição da região/Estado mais pobre (Nordeste/Ceará) pelo perfil de escolaridade da mais rica (Sudeste/São Paulo). Resultados: entre 12% e 36% do diferencial de renda é explicado pelo diferencial de escolaridade; a reponderação pela escolaridade aumentou em cerca de 55% a renda média nos contrafactuais; a renda do contrafactual do Nordeste equivale a 93% da renda média brasileira; quanto mais elevado for o percentil de renda considerado, maior é a contribuição da diferença de escolaridade para a diferença de renda; a dispersão de renda das regiões mais pobres aumenta quando fornecemos a elas o nível de escolaridade das regiões mais ricas, mantendo-se o perfil salarial da região. This paper investigates the impact of education on income distribution of Brazilian states and regions, using a semi parametric method, following Dinardo, Fortin and Lemieux (1996) and dataset from the PNAD 1999. Contrafactual densities were constructed weighting the distribution of the poorest region/state (Northeast / Ceará) by the profile of education in the richer one (Southeast / São Paulo). Results: between 12% and 36% of the difference in income is explained by the educational differences; the weighting by education increased by about 55% the average income in counterfactuals; the counterfactual income of the Northeast amounts to 93% of the average Brazilian income; the higher the percentile considered income, the greater the contribution of the difference in schooling for the difference in income; and the income dispersion of the poorest regions increases when they provide the level of schooling of the richest regions, while the wage profile of the region is kept constant.
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              Métodos de pesquisa de survey

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                hm
                Historia mexicana
                Hist. mex.
                El Colegio de México A.C., Centro de Estudios Históricos (Ciudad de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico )
                0185-0172
                2448-6531
                December 2022
                : 72
                : 2
                : 751-782
                Affiliations
                [1] orgnameCentro de Investigación y Documentación de Historia Brasileña Contemporánea Brazil
                Article
                S2448-65312022000400751 S2448-6531(22)07200200751
                10.24201/hm.v72i2.4510
                4ee2c11d-d489-48e7-a777-69503010440a

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 26 November 2019
                : 01 September 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 34, Pages: 32
                Product

                SciELO Mexico

                Categories
                Dossier

                futbol,Copa Mundial de la FIFA 2014,Arenas,Torcidas organizadas,Soccer,2014 FIFA World Cup,Stadiums,torcidas organizadas

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