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      Use of neuromuscular blockers in Brazil Translated title: Uso de bloqueadores neuromusculares no Brasil

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          Abstract

          ABSTRACTThe objective of this study was to evaluate how Brazilian anesthesiologists are using neuromuscular blockers, focusing on how they establish the diagnosis of postoperative residual curarization and the incidence of complications associated with the use of neuromuscular blockers. A questionnaire was sent to anesthesiologists inviting them to participate in the study. The online data collection remained open from March 2012 to June 2013. During the study period, 1296 responses were collected. Rocuronium, atracurium, and cisatracurium were the main neuromuscular blockers used in cases of elective surgery. Succinylcholine and rocuronium were the main neuromuscular blockers used in cases of emergency surgery. Less than 15% of anesthesiologists reported the frequent use of neuromuscular function monitors. Only 18% of those involved in the study reported that all workplaces have such a monitor. Most respondents reported using only the clinical criteria to assess whether the patient is recovered from the muscle relaxant. Most respondents also reported always using some form of neuromuscular blockade reversal. The major complications attributed to neuromuscular blockers were residual curarization and prolonged blockade. Eighteen anesthesiologists reported death attributed to neuromuscular blockers. Residual or prolonged blockade is possibly recorded as a result of the high rate of using clinical criteria to diagnose whether the patient has recovered or not from motor block and, as a corollary, the poor use of neuromuscular transmission monitors in daily practice.

          Translated abstract

          RESUMOO objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar como os anestesiologistas brasileiros estão usando os bloqueadores neuromusculares (BNM), com foco na forma de estabelecer o diagnóstico da curarização residual pós-operatória e a incidência de complicações atribuídas ao uso de BNM. Um questionário foi enviado a anestesiologistas convidando-os a participar da pesquisa (tabela 1). A coleta online de dados permaneceu aberta de março de 2012 a junho de 2013. Durante o período de estudo foram coletadas 1.296 respostas. Rocurônio, atracúrio e cisatracúrio foram os principais bloqueadores neuromusculares usados em casos de cirurgia eletiva. Succinilcolina e rocurônio foram os principais BNM usados em casos de cirurgia de emergência. Menos de 15% dos anestesiologistas referiram que usam frequentemente monitores da função neuromuscular. Apenas 18% dos envolvidos no estudo referiram que todos os locais de trabalho têm tal monitor. A maioria dos entrevistados afirmou que usa somente o critério clínico para avaliar se o paciente está recuperado do relaxante. A maioria dos entrevistados também relatou que sempre usa algum tipo de reversão de bloqueio neuromuscular. As principais complicações atribuídas aos BNM foram curarização residual e bloqueio prolongado. Houve relato por 18 anestesiologistas de óbito atribuído a BNM. O bloqueio residual ou prolongado se registra, possivelmente, como consequência do alto índice do uso de critérios clínicos para diagnosticar se o paciente está recuperado ou não do bloqueio motor e, como um corolário, o baixo uso de monitores da transmissão neuromuscular na prática diária.

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          Most cited references36

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          Good clinical research practice in pharmacodynamic studies of neuromuscular blocking agents II: the Stockholm revision.

          The set of guidelines for good clinical research practice (GCRP) in pharmacodynamic studies of neuromuscular blocking agents, which was developed following an international consensus conference in Copenhagen, has been revised and updated following the second consensus conference in Stockholm in 2005. It is hoped that these guidelines will continue to help researchers in the field and assist the pharmaceutical industry and equipment manufacturers in enhancing the standards of the studies they sponsor.
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            Anaphylaxis during anesthesia in France: an 8-year national survey.

            More attention should be paid to rare serious adverse events such as anaphylaxis to increase the safety of anesthesia. To report the results of an 8-year survey of anaphylaxis during anesthesia in France. Data from patients who experienced anaphylaxis between January 1, 1997, and December 31, 2004, were analyzed. Estimated incidences were obtained by combining this database with data from the French pharmacovigilance system by using a capture-recapture method. The number of patients exposed to the offending agents was obtained from data collected during the national survey of anesthesia practice. A total of 2516 patients was included. A diagnosis of IgE-mediated reaction was established in 1816 cases (72.18%). The most common causes were neuromuscular blocking agents ([NMBAs]; n = 1067; 58.08%), latex (n = 361; 19.65%), and antibiotics (n = 236; 12.85%). The median annual incidence per million procedures was higher for females 154.9 (5th-95th percentile, 117.2-193.1) than for males 55.4 (5th-95th percentile, 42.0-68.0). It reached 250.9 (5th-95th percentile, 189.8-312.9) for women in cases of allergic reactions to NMBAs. In children, a diagnosis of IgE-mediated reactions was obtained in 122 cases (45.9%). The most common causes were latex (n = 51; 41.8%), NMBAs (n = 39; 31.97%), and antibiotics (n = 11; 9.02%). In contrast with adults, no female predominance was observed. The incidence of allergic reactions during anesthesia, estimated on a national basis, is higher than previously estimated. These results should be taken into account in the evaluation of the benefit-to-risk ratio of the various anesthetic techniques in individuals. The similar incidence of reactions according to sex before adolescence suggests a role for sex hormones in the increase of anaphylaxis observed in women. Copyright © 2011 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. Published by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.
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              A survey of current management of neuromuscular block in the United States and Europe.

              Postoperative residual neuromuscular block is a frequent occurrence. Recent surveys of clinical practice in Europe suggest that neuromuscular blocking drugs are often administered without appropriate monitoring. No comparable survey has been undertaken in the United States (US). From this survey, we compared current clinical neuromuscular practice and attitudes between anesthesia practitioners in the US and Europe. We conducted an Internet-based survey among anesthesia practitioners in the US and Europe. The Anesthesia Patient Safety Foundation and the European Society of Anaesthesiology e-mailed all of their active members, inviting them to anonymously answer a series of questions on a dedicated Internet Protocol address-sensitive website. The survey was available online for 60 days. The chi(2) test and Fisher's exact test were used to compare clinical survey items between the 2 cohorts. A total of 2636 completed surveys were received. Most respondents from the US (64.1%) and Europe (52.2%) estimated the incidence of clinically significant postoperative residual neuromuscular weakness to be <1% (P < 0.0001). Routine pharmacologic reversal was less common in Europe than in the US (18% vs 34.2%, respectively; P < 0.0001), and quantitative monitors were available to fewer clinicians in the US (22.7%) than in Europe (70.2%) (P < 0.0001). However, 19.3% of Europeans and 9.4% of Americans never use neuromuscular monitors. Most respondents reported that neither conventional nerve stimulators nor quantitative train-of-four monitors should be part of minimum monitoring standards. Our results suggest a lack of agreement among anesthesia providers about the best way to monitor neuromuscular function. Efforts to improve awareness by developing formal training programs and/or publishing official guidelines on best practices to reduce the incidence of postoperative neuromuscular weakness and patient morbidity are warranted.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                rba
                Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia
                Rev. Bras. Anestesiol.
                Sociedade Brasileira de Anestesiologia (Campinas )
                1806-907X
                October 2015
                : 65
                : 5
                : 319-325
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina Brazil
                Article
                S0034-70942015000500319
                10.1016/j.bjane.2015.03.001
                4ac2fac2-3cdc-4c40-9b55-9c279a3b9834

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0034-7094&lng=en
                Categories
                ANESTHESIOLOGY

                Anesthesiology & Pain management
                Neuromuscular blockers,Research on health services,Neuromuscular monitoring,Bloqueadores neuromusculares,Pesquisas sobre serviços de saúde,Monitoração neuromuscular

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