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      SARS-CoV-2 and influenza co-infection: A cross-sectional study in central Missouri during the 2021–2022 influenza season

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          Abstract

          As SARS-CoV-2 and influenza viruses co-circulate, co-infections with these viruses generate an increasing concern to public health. To evaluate the prevalence and clinical impacts of SARS-CoV-2 and influenza A virus co-infections during the 2021–2022 influenza season, SARS-CoV-2-positive samples from 462 individuals were collected from October 2021 to January 2022. Of these individuals, 152 tested positive for influenza, and the monthly co-infection rate ranged from 7.1% to 48%. Compared to the Delta variant, individuals infected with Omicron were less likely to be co-infected and hospitalized, and individuals who received influenza vaccines were less likely to become co-infected. Three individuals had two samples collected on different dates, and all three developed a co-infection after their initial SARS-CoV-2 infection. This study demonstrates high prevalence of co-infections in central Missouri during the 2021–2022 influenza season, differences in co-infection prevalence between the Delta and the Omicron waves, and the importance of influenza vaccinations against co-infections.

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          Avian flu: influenza virus receptors in the human airway.

          Kyoko Shinya, Masahito Ebina, Shinya Yamada … (2006)
          Although more than 100 people have been infected by H5N1 influenza A viruses, human-to-human transmission is rare. What are the molecular barriers limiting human-to-human transmission? Here we demonstrate an anatomical difference in the distribution in the human airway of the different binding molecules preferred by the avian and human influenza viruses. The respective molecules are sialic acid linked to galactose by an alpha-2,3 linkage (SAalpha2,3Gal) and by an alpha-2,6 linkage (SAalpha2,6Gal). Our findings may provide a rational explanation for why H5N1 viruses at present rarely infect and spread between humans although they can replicate efficiently in the lungs.
          Article 0 comments Cited 481 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Rates of Co-infection Between SARS-CoV-2 and Other Respiratory Pathogens

            David Kim, James Quinn, Benjamin Pinsky … (2020)
            This study describes the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 co-infection with noncoronavirus respiratory pathogens in a sample of symptomatic patients undergoing PCR testing in March 2020.
            Article 0 comments Cited 390 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant shows less efficient replication and fusion activity when compared with Delta variant in TMPRSS2-expressed cells

              Hanjun Zhao, Lu Lu, Zheng Peng … (2022)
              The novel SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant (B.1.1.529), first found in early November 2021, has sparked considerable global concern and it has >50 mutations, many of which are known to affect transmissibility or cause immune escape. In this study, we sought to investigate the virological characteristics of the Omicron variant and compared it with the Delta variant which has dominated the world since mid-2021. Omicron variant replicated more slowly than the Delta variant in transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2)-overexpressing VeroE6 (VeroE6/TMPRSS2) cells. Notably, the Delta variant replicated well in Calu3 cell line which has robust TMPRSS2 expression, while the Omicron variant replicated poorly in this cell line. Competition assay showed that Delta variant outcompeted Omicron variant in VeroE6/TMPRSS2 and Calu3 cells. To confirm the difference in entry pathway between the Omicron and Delta variants, we assessed the antiviral effect of bafilomycin A1, chloroquine (inhibiting endocytic pathway), and camostat (inhibiting TMPRSS2 pathway). Camostat potently inhibited the Delta variant but not the Omicron variant, while bafilomycin A1 and chloroquine could inhibit both Omicron and Delta variants. Moreover, the Omicron variant also showed weaker cell–cell fusion activity when compared with Delta variant in VeroE6/TMPRSS2 cells. Collectively, our results suggest that Omicron variant infection is not enhanced by TMPRSS2 but is largely mediated via the endocytic pathway. The difference in entry pathway between Omicron and Delta variants may have an implication on the clinical manifestations or disease severity.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Virology
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Virology
                Title: Virology
                Publisher: Elsevier Inc.
                ISSN (Print): 0042-6822
                ISSN (Electronic): 1096-0341
                Publication date PMC-release: 30 September 2022
                Publication date (Electronic): 30 September 2022
                Affiliations
                [a ]Center for Influenza and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
                [b ]Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
                [c ]Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
                [d ]Institute for Data Science and Informatics, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
                [e ]Family and Community Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
                [f ]Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
                [g ]Child Health, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
                [h ]Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
                [i ]Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, College of Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
                Author notes
                [∗ ]Corresponding author. Center for Influenza and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
                [1]

                Both contributed equally to this study.

                Article
                Publisher Item ID: S0042-6822(22)00162-3
                DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2022.09.009
                PMC ID: 9523501
                PubMed ID: 36206606
                SO-VID: 4a110c94-4848-4ce2-a602-91732709390c
                Copyright © © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
                License:

                Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.

                History
                Date received : 21 June 2022
                Date revision received : 15 September 2022
                Date accepted : 25 September 2022
                Categories
                Subject: Brief Communication

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Microbiology & Virology
                Keywords: sars-cov-2,influenza a virus,co-infection,sars-cov-2 variant,influenza vaccination
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Microbiology & Virology
                Keywords: sars-cov-2, influenza a virus, co-infection, sars-cov-2 variant, influenza vaccination

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