[1
]Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto,
ON, Canada
[2
]Vector Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
[3
]Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville,
VA, United States of America
[4
]Department of Molecular Imaging Radiation Oncology, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
[5
]Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York,
NY, United States of America
[6
]Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham,
AL, United States of America
[7
]Department of Engineering and Applied Physics, University of Science and Technology
of China, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
[8
]Shenying Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
[9
]Department of Radiation Oncology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic
of Korea
[10
]Department of Physics, National University of Colombia, Medellín, Colombia
[11
]Atominstitut, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
[12
]Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
of America
[13
]Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center,
Houston, TX, United States of America
[14
]Department of Radiation Oncology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of
America
[15
]Department of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People’s
Republic of China
[16
]Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
[17
]Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United
States of America
[18
]Department of Radiation Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute,
Beijing, People’s Republic of China
[19
]Department of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Anhui University, Hefei, People’s
Republic of China
[20
]Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United
States of America
[21
]Department of Radiation Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel
Hill, NC, United States of America
[22
]Department of Medical Imaging, Taiwan AI Labs, Taipei, Taiwan
[23
]Department Of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
[24
]Medical Artificial Intelligence and Automation (MAIA) Laboratory, Department of Radiation
Oncology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United
States of America
[25
]Department of Radiation Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United
States of America
[26
]Department of Medical Physics, Al-Neelain University, Khartoum, Sudan
[27
]Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-inspired Intelligence, Fudan University,
Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
[28
]Studio Vodels, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
[29
]Department Computer Science, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
[30
]Department of Electrical Engineering, KULeuven, Leuven, Belgium
[31
]Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY,
United States of America
[32
]Tencent AI Lab, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
[33
]Department of Radiation Oncology, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center,
Richmond, VA, United States of America
[34
]Department of Radiation Oncology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, United States
of America
[35
]Faculty of Health, University of Applied Sciences Wiener Neustadt, Wiener Neustadt,
Austria
[36
]Competence Center for Preclinical Imaging and Biomedical Engineering, University of
Applied Sciences Wiener Neustadt, Wiener Neustadt, Austria
[37
]Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA,
United States of America
[38
]Radiation Medicine Program, UHN Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
[39
]Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
[40
]Techna Institute for the Advancement of Technology for Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
[41
]Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada