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      Aprendizagem Baseada em Problemas na Graduação Médica – Uma Revisão da Literatura Atual Translated title: Problem-Based Learning Undergraduate Courses in Medicine – A Review of the Current Literature

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          Abstract

          RESUMO A aprendizagem baseada em problemas (ABP) é uma técnica em que a transmissão do conhecimento se dá a partir de casos elaborados com base em casos reais, tendo como principal objetivo a busca da aprendizagem pelo próprio estudante. Este trabalho tem por finalidade revisar os artigos originais publicados nos últimos dois anos sobre o tema, na graduação médica. A maioria dos trabalhos revisados demonstrou bons resultados quando utilizada a ABP, principalmente no que diz respeito a pensamento crítico e habilidades técnicas. O uso concomitante de mais de uma técnica, porém, traz maiores benefícios na formação médica.

          Translated abstract

          ABSTRACT Problem-based learning (PBL) is a technique whereby knowledge is transmitted through cases based on real life situations, aimed at self-motivated learning by the student. This study aims to review original articles published in the last two years on the subject in relation to medical education. It was observed that most of the studies reviewed showed good results when PBL was used, especially with regard to critical thinking and technical skills. The concomitant use of more than one method, however, brings benefits to medical training.

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          Foundations of problem-based learning: some explanatory notes.

          The present article elaborates on cognitive effects of problem-based learning put forward by Schmidt, De Volder, De Grave, Moust & Patel (1989) and Norman & Schmidt (1992). Its purpose is to discuss, in some detail, the theoretical premises of this approach to learning and instruction. It is argued that problem-based learning, above all, promotes the activation of prior knowledge and its elaboration. Evidence is reviewed demonstrating that these processes actually occur in small-group tutorials and that the processing of new information is indeed facilitated by discussion of a relevant problem. These effects must be attributed to a reorganization taking place in the knowledge structures of students as a result of problem-oriented study. In addition, a cognitive process called epistemic curiosity (or intrinsic interest) is enabled. Some directions for further research are outlined. The contribution starts, however, with a discussion of the philosophical and pedagogical roots of problem-based learning.
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            The effectiveness of problem-based learning compared to traditional teaching in undergraduate psychiatry.

            A change from traditional to problem-based learning (PBL) methods in a psychiatry attachment was evaluated by comparing the learning styles, attitudes to psychiatry and examination performance of 2 cohorts of students. It was hypothesised that the PBL curriculum would result in increased deep learning, decreased surface learning, more favourable attitudes to psychiatry and improved examination performance. It was predicted that students' examination success would be related to the use of deep and strategic learning and favourable attitudes. Consecutive cohorts of Year 2 clinical students taught using a traditional psychiatry curriculum (n = 188) and a PBL curriculum (n = 191) were compared. Students completed the Study Process Questionnaire to assess their learning styles and the Attitudes to Psychiatry Scale at the beginning and end of the attachment. Students completed 2 end-of-attachment examinations, a multiple-choice paper and a viva. The PBL curriculum resulted in significantly better examination performance than did the traditional teaching curriculum, both for multiple-choice questions and the viva. No differences in learning styles or attitudes to psychiatry were found between the curricula. Students were significantly more successful in the examinations if they had received the PBL curriculum, were female, and used strategic learning. Examination performance indicated that the PBL curriculum was more successful than the previous course, but that this improvement was not due to students using more effective learning styles or having more favourable attitudes towards psychiatry. It is possible that students learned more effectively during the teaching sessions in the PBL curriculum, but did not change their preferred learning styles.
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              Students’ perceptions of anatomy across the undergraduate problem-based learning medical curriculum: a phenomenographical study

              Background To get insight in how theoretical knowledge is transformed into clinical skills, important information may arise from mapping the development of anatomical knowledge during the undergraduate medical curriculum. If we want to gain a better understanding of teaching and learning in anatomy, it may be pertinent to move beyond the question of how and consider also the what, why and when of anatomy education. Methods A purposive sample of 78 medical students from the 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 6th year of a PBL curriculum participated in 4 focus groups. Each group came together twice, and all meetings were recorded and transcribed verbatim. Data were analysed with template analysis using a phenomenographical approach. Results Five major topics emerged and are described covering the students’ perceptions on their anatomy education and anatomical knowledge: 1) motivation to study anatomy, 2) the relevance of anatomical knowledge, 3) assessment of anatomical knowledge, 4) students’ (in)security about their anatomical knowledge and 5) the use of anatomical knowledge in clinical practice. Conclusions Results indicated that a PBL approach in itself was not enough to ensure adequate learning of anatomy, and support the hypothesis that educational principles like time-on-task and repetition, have a stronger impact on students’ perceived and actual anatomical knowledge than the educational approach underpinning a curriculum. For example, students state that repetitive studying of the subject increases retention of knowledge to a greater extent than stricter assessment, and teaching in context enhances motivation and transfer. Innovations in teaching and assessment, like spiral curriculum, teaching in context, teaching for transfer and assessment for learning (rewarding understanding and higher order cognitive skills), are required to improve anatomy education.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                rbem
                Revista Brasileira de Educação Médica
                Rev. bras. educ. med.
                Associação Brasileira de Educação Médica
                1981-5271
                December 2015
                : 39
                : 4
                : 614-619
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Brazil
                Article
                S0100-55022015000400614
                10.1590/1981-52712015v39n4e01282014
                47e3f9da-1119-41ef-9548-72cc2c110e58

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0100-5502&lng=en
                Categories
                HEALTH CARE SCIENCES & SERVICES

                Health & Social care
                Problem-Based Learning,Medical Education,Teaching Methods,Aprendizagem Baseada em Problemas,Educação Médica,Métodos de Ensino

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