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      Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment (submit here)

      This international, peer-reviewed Open Access journal by Dove Medical Press focuses on all aspects of neuropsychiatric and neurological disorders. Sign up for email alerts here.

      63,741 Monthly downloads/views I 2.989 Impact Factor I 4.5 CiteScore I 1.09 Source Normalized Impact per Paper (SNIP) I 0.744 Scimago Journal & Country Rank (SJR)

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      Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Family Wellbeing in the Context of Neurodevelopmental Disorders

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          Abstract

          Objective

          The primary aim was to assess both the type and degree of impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on child and family wellbeing in a cohort with neurodevelopmental disorders.

          Design

          This was a single time-point observational study utilizing a combination of surveys and standardized measures, which were administered to parents by researchers by telephone.

          Setting

          The Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatric Clinic of the Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Catania University, Italy.

          Participants

          In total, 200 caregivers completed the questionnaires on behalf of themselves and their child. They were predominantly mothers (88.00%) and primary caregivers (93.50%), with a mean age of 42.84 years (sd = 7.13).

          Primary and Secondary Outcomes Measures

          A questionnaire featured in a previous study was used to assess the impact of COVID-19 on general wellbeing, types of support, family health, home-based learning, and child behaviors. Children’s diagnoses were recorded. Caregivers provided information about physical, mental, financial, and vocational wellbeing, and completed several standardised measures of mental health and well-being: the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale - K6; the General Anxiety Disorder Scale – GAD-2; and the WHO Well-being Scale – WHO-5.

          Results

          Overall, 58.50% of respondents agreed somewhat or strongly that their child’s overall health and wellbeing had been impacted by the pandemic, while 47.74% felt that their own wellbeing as parents had been affected. Whilst home-based learning and disruption to services for children were noted as being significant, child wellbeing appeared to not be correlated with these but rather to restrictions, home isolation, and disruption to routine.

          Conclusion

          Children with neurocognitive disorders and their families have been substantially impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. It is expected that targeted resources and support services will be required in response to this increase in need.

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          Most cited references14

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          Anxiety disorders in primary care: prevalence, impairment, comorbidity, and detection.

          Kurt Kroenke, Robert L Spitzer, Janet B.W. Williams … (2007)
          Anxiety, although as common as depression, has received less attention and is often undetected and undertreated. To determine the current prevalence, impairment, and comorbidity of anxiety disorders in primary care and to evaluate a brief measure for detecting these disorders. Criterion-standard study performed between November 2004 and June 2005. 15 U.S. primary care clinics. 965 randomly sampled patients from consecutive clinic patients who completed a self-report questionnaire and agreed to a follow-up telephone interview. 7-item anxiety measure (Generalized Anxiety Disorder [GAD]-7 scale) in the clinic, followed by a telephone-administered, structured psychiatric interview by a mental health professional who was blinded to the GAD-7 results. Functional status (Medical Outcomes Study Short Form-20), depressive and somatic symptoms, and self-reported disability days and physician visits were also assessed. Of the 965 patients, 19.5% (95% CI, 17.0% to 22.1%) had at least 1 anxiety disorder, 8.6% (CI, 6.9% to 10.6%) had posttraumatic stress disorder, 7.6% (CI, 5.9% to 9.4%) had a generalized anxiety disorder, 6.8% (CI, 5.3% to 8.6%) had a panic disorder, and 6.2% (CI, 4.7% to 7.9%) had a social anxiety disorder. Each disorder was associated with substantial impairment that increased significantly (P < 0.001) as the number of anxiety disorders increased. Many patients (41%) with an anxiety disorder reported no current treatment. Receiver-operating characteristic curve analysis showed that both the GAD-7 scale and its 2 core items (GAD-2) performed well (area under the curve, 0.80 to 0.91) as screening tools for all 4 anxiety disorders. The study included a nonrandom sample of selected primary care practices. Anxiety disorders are prevalent, disabling, and often untreated in primary care. A 2-item screening test may enhance detection.
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            Screening for Serious Mental Illness in the General Population

            Ronald C Kessler, Peggy R. Barker, Lisa Colpe … (2003)
            Public Law 102-321 established a block grant for adults with "serious mental illness" (SMI) and required the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) to develop a method to estimate the prevalence of SMI.
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              Risk and Protective Factors for Prospective Changes in Adolescent Mental Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic

              Natasha R. Magson, Justin Freeman, Ronald M. Rapee … (2020)
              The restrictions put in place to contain the COVID-19 virus have led to widespread social isolation, impacting mental health worldwide. These restrictions may be particularly difficult for adolescents, who rely heavily on their peer connections for emotional support. However, there has been no longitudinal research examining the psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic among adolescents. This study addresses this gap by investigating the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on adolescents’ mental health, and moderators of change, as well as assessing the factors perceived as causing the most distress. Two hundred and forty eight adolescents (M age  = 14.4; 51% girls; 81.8% Caucasian) were surveyed over two time points; in the 12 months leading up to the COVID-19 outbreak (T1), and again two months following the implementation of government restrictions and online learning (T2). Online surveys assessed depressive symptoms, anxiety, and life satisfaction at T1 and T2, and participants’ schooling, peer and family relationships, social connection, media exposure, COVID-19 related stress, and adherence to government stay-at-home directives at T2 only. In line with predictions, adolescents experienced significant increases in depressive symptoms and anxiety, and a significant decrease in life satisfaction from T1 to T2, which was particularly pronounced among girls. Moderation analyses revealed that COVID-19 related worries, online learning difficulties, and increased conflict with parents predicted increases in mental health problems from T1 to T2, whereas adherence to stay-at-home orders and feeling socially connected during the COVID-19 lockdown protected against poor mental health. This study provides initial longitudinal evidence for the decline of adolescent’s mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic. The results suggest that adolescents are more concerned about the government restrictions designed to contain the spread of the virus, than the virus itself, and that those concerns are associated with increased anxiety and depressive symptoms, and decreased life satisfaction.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat
                Journal ID (publisher-id): ndt
                Journal ID (pmc): neurodist
                Title: Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment
                Publisher: Dove
                ISSN (Print): 1176-6328
                ISSN (Electronic): 1178-2021
                Publication date (Electronic): 24 September 2021
                Publication date Collection: 2021
                Volume: 17
                Pages: 3007-3014
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Child and Adolescent Neurology and Psychiatry, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Catania University , Catania, Italy
                [2 ]School of Psychiatry, UNSW , Sydney, NSW, Australia
                [3 ]Academic Unit of Child Psychiatry South West Sydney, Liverpool Hospital & Ingham Institute , Sydney, Nsw, Australia
                Author notes
                Correspondence: Valsamma Eapen Email v.eapen@unsw.edu.au
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6296-8306
                Article
                Publisher ID: 327092
                DOI: 10.2147/NDT.S327092
                PMC ID: 8478336
                PubMed ID: 34594104
                SO-VID: 46c4575f-2872-45e6-8e76-358d79e5ecbf
                Copyright © © 2021 Rizzo et al.
                License:

                This work is published and licensed by Dove Medical Press Limited. The full terms of this license are available at https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php and incorporate the Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial (unported, v3.0) License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/). By accessing the work you hereby accept the Terms. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed. For permission for commercial use of this work, please see paragraphs 4.2 and 5 of our Terms ( https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php).

                History
                Date received : 05 July 2021
                Date accepted : 26 August 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 5, References: 14, Pages: 8
                Funding
                Funded by: no specific grant;
                This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sectors.
                Categories
                Subject: Original Research

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Neurology
                Keywords: neurocognitive,k6,gad-2,who-5,general wellbeing
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Neurology
                Keywords: neurocognitive, k6, gad-2, who-5, general wellbeing

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