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      Evaluation of a template for countering misinformation—Real-world Autism treatment myth debunking

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          Abstract

          Misinformation poses significant challenges to evidence-based practice. In the public health domain specifically, treatment misinformation can lead to opportunity costs or direct harm. Alas, attempts to debunk misinformation have proven sub-optimal, and have even been shown to “backfire”, including increasing misperceptions. Thus, optimized debunking strategies have been developed to more effectively combat misinformation. The aim of this study was to test these strategies in a real-world setting, targeting misinformation about autism interventions. In the context of professional development training, we randomly assigned participants to an “optimized-debunking” or a “treatment-as-usual” training condition and compared support for non-empirically-supported treatments before, after, and six weeks following completion of online training. Results demonstrated greater benefits of optimized debunking immediately after training; thus, the implemented strategies can serve as a general and flexible debunking template. However, the effect was not sustained at follow-up, highlighting the need for further research into strategies for sustained change.

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          Mental health provider attitudes toward adoption of evidence-based practice: the Evidence-Based Practice Attitude Scale (EBPAS).

          Mental health provider attitudes toward organizational change have not been well studied. Dissemination and implementation of evidence-based practices (EBPs) into real-world settings represent organizational change that may be limited or facilitated by provider attitudes toward adoption of new treatments, interventions, and practices. A brief measure of mental health provider attitudes toward adoption of EBPs was developed and attitudes were examined in relation to a set of provider individual difference and organizational characteristics. Participants were 322 public sector clinical service workers from 51 programs providing mental health services to children and adolescents and their families. Four dimensions of attitudes toward adoption of EBPs were identified: (1) intuitive Appeal of EBP, (2) likelihood of adopting EBP given Requirements to do so, (3) Openness to new practices, and (4) perceived Divergence of usual practice with research-based/academically developed interventions. Provider attitudes varied by education level, level of experience, and organizational context. Attitudes toward adoption of EBPs can be reliably measured and vary in relation to individual differences and service context. EBP implementation plans should include consideration of mental health service provider attitudes as a potential aid to improve the process and effectiveness of dissemination efforts.
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            Evidence-Based Practices for Children, Youth, and Young Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Comprehensive Review.

            The purpose of this study was to identify evidenced-based, focused intervention practices for children and youth with autism spectrum disorder. This study was an extension and elaboration of a previous evidence-based practice review reported by Odom et al. (Prev Sch Fail 54:275-282, 2010b, doi: 10.1080/10459881003785506 ). In the current study, a computer search initially yielded 29,105 articles, and the subsequent screening and evaluation process found 456 studies to meet inclusion and methodological criteria. From this set of research studies, the authors found 27 focused intervention practices that met the criteria for evidence-based practice (EBP). Six new EBPs were identified in this review, and one EBP from the previous review was removed. The authors discuss implications for current practices and future research.
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              Debunking: A Meta-Analysis of the Psychological Efficacy of Messages Countering Misinformation

              This meta-analysis investigated the factors underlying effective messages to counter attitudes and beliefs based on misinformation. Because misinformation can lead to poor decisions about consequential matters and is persistent and difficult to correct, debunking it is an important scientific and public-policy goal. This meta-analysis ( k = 52, N = 6,878) revealed large effects for presenting misinformation ( d s = 2.41–3.08), debunking ( d s = 1.14–1.33), and the persistence of misinformation in the face of debunking ( d s = 0.75–1.06). Persistence was stronger and the debunking effect was weaker when audiences generated reasons in support of the initial misinformation. A detailed debunking message correlated positively with the debunking effect. Surprisingly, however, a detailed debunking message also correlated positively with the misinformation-persistence effect.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Formal analysisRole: Funding acquisitionRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: SoftwareRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: Project administrationRole: ResourcesRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Funding acquisitionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Formal analysisRole: Funding acquisitionRole: ResourcesRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS ONE
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                30 January 2019
                2019
                : 14
                : 1
                : e0210746
                Affiliations
                [1 ] School of Applied Psychology/Menzies Health Institute, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
                [2 ] Griffith Institute for Educational Research, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
                [3 ] North West Tasmania Autism Specific Early Learning and Care Centre, St Giles Society, Burnie, Tasmania, Australia
                [4 ] Daphne Street Autism Specific Early Learning and Care Centre, Anglicare South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
                [5 ] Centre for Disability & Development Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
                [6 ] Early Intervention Services, Autism Association of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
                [7 ] Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
                [8 ] Research and Assessment, AEIOU Foundation, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
                [9 ] School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
                University of Wollongong, AUSTRALIA
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0130-0606
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2604-7494
                Article
                PONE-D-18-25110
                10.1371/journal.pone.0210746
                6353548
                30699155
                44ee65ac-4cfa-4a1f-8274-349ce6f41cf3
                © 2019 Paynter et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 27 August 2018
                : 8 December 2018
                Page count
                Figures: 2, Tables: 2, Pages: 13
                Funding
                Funded by: Department of Social Services, Australian Government (AU)
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: Australian Research Council
                Award ID: DP160103596
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: National Health and Medical Research Council
                Award ID: GNT1071811
                Award Recipient :
                This research was supported by a grant from: The Australian Department of Social Services to JP, https://www.dss.gov.au/; The Australian Research Council to UE (DP160103596), https://www.arc.gov.au/; The National Health and Medical Research Council to DT (GNT1071811), https://www.australianclinicaltrials.gov.au/?gclid=EAIaIQobChMI-unA-qvw3AIVWQQqCh3Png4iEAAYASAAEgJ3SvD_BwE. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
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