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      Report and Abstracts of the 18th Meeting of the Interuniversity Institute of Myology: Virtual meeting, October 21-24, 2021

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          Abstract

          In 2021, as the situation due to COVID-19 pandemic was still uncertain, the 18 th annual meeting of the Interuniversity Institute of Myology (IIM), took place on a virtual platform, following the same organization already tested for the previous edition. Participants from Italy, European countries, Canada and USA included clinicians, scientists, pharmaceutical companies and representatives of patient organizations. Four keynote speakers presented new insights into the modulation of muscle stem cell self-renewal in the treatment of neuromuscular disease, the role of nuclear positioning in muscle function, regeneration and tumorigenesis in the heart and advances on therapies of muscular dystrophies. Young PhD students and trainees presented oral communications distributed in five scientific sessions and posters in two poster sessions. On October 21, 2021, selected young scientists participated in the “High Training Course on Advanced Myology”, organized with the University of Perugia, Italy. This course consisted of lectures on muscle regeneration and therapeutic perspectives by internationally recognized speakers, followed by roundtable discussions on “Omics technologies in myology” and “New therapeutic approaches”, plus the meeting itself. Young trainees, winners of past IIM conferences, forming the Young IIM Committee, selected one of Keynote speakers and were involved in the organization of scientific sessions and roundtable discussions. The friendly welcoming of the meeting, which has strongly characterized this event and is of great help in facilitating scientific exchanges and stimulating novel collaborations, was the hallmark of the conference this year again, even on virtual platform. Breakthrough studies showing interdisciplinary works are fostering new avenues in the field of myology. This year again, scientists and students attended the meeting at the huger number, challenging the difficulties due to the COVID-19 pandemic. All participants shared the wish to continue and implement IIM meeting with new insights on muscle biology, perspectives in the understanding of the muscle-related diseases and in novel therapeutic approaches. We report here abstracts of the meeting describing basic, translational, and clinical research contributing to the large field of myology.

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          Sarcopenia: Aging-Related Loss of Muscle Mass and Function

          Sarcopenia is a loss of muscle mass and function in the elderly that reduces mobility, diminishes quality of life, and can lead to fall-related injuries, which require costly hospitalization and extended rehabilitation. This review focuses on the aging-related structural changes and mechanisms at cellular and subcellular levels underlying changes in the individual motor unit: specifically, the perikaryon of the α-motoneuron, its neuromuscular junction(s), and the muscle fibers that it innervates. Loss of muscle mass with aging, which is largely due to the progressive loss of motoneurons, is associated with reduced muscle fiber number and size. Muscle function progressively declines because motoneuron loss is not adequately compensated by reinnervation of muscle fibers by the remaining motoneurons. At the intracellular level, key factors are qualitative changes in posttranslational modifications of muscle proteins and the loss of coordinated control between contractile, mitochondrial, and sarcoplasmic reticulum protein expression. Quantitative and qualitative changes in skeletal muscle during the process of aging also have been implicated in the pathogenesis of acquired and hereditary neuromuscular disorders. In experimental models, specific intervention strategies have shown encouraging results on limiting deterioration of motor unit structure and function under conditions of impaired innervation. Translated to the clinic, if these or similar interventions, by saving muscle and improving mobility, could help alleviate sarcopenia in the elderly, there would be both great humanitarian benefits and large cost savings for health care systems.
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            Osteoporosis and sarcopenia: two diseases or one?

            Purpose of review This article reviews recently published evidence for common pathways explaining bone and muscle wasting in normal ageing and pathological conditions. Recent findings Numerous studies support the concept of a bone–muscle unit, where constant cross-talking between the two tissues takes place, involving molecules released by the skeletal muscle secretome, which affects bone, and osteokines secreted by the osteoblasts and osteocytes, which, in turn, impact muscle cells. Summary New chemical entities aiming at concomitantly treating osteoporosis and sarcopenia could be developed by targeting pathways that centrally regulate bone and muscle or emerging pathways that facilitate the communication between the two tissues.
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              • Article: not found

              Reversible reprogramming of cardiomyocytes to a fetal state drives heart regeneration in mice

              Cardiomyocyte (CM) replacement is very slow in adult mammalian hearts, preventing regeneration of damaged myocardium. By contrast, fetal hearts display considerable regenerative potential owing to the presence of less mature CMs that still have the ability to proliferate. In this study, we demonstrate that heart-specific expression of Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) induces adult CMs to dedifferentiate, conferring regenerative capacity to adult hearts. Transient, CM-specific expression of OSKM extends the regenerative window for postnatal mouse hearts and induces a gene expression program in adult CMs that resembles that of fetal CMs. Extended expression of OSKM in CMs leads to cellular reprogramming and heart tumor formation. Short-term OSKM expression before and during myocardial infarction ameliorates myocardial damage and improves cardiac function, demonstrating that temporally controlled dedifferentiation and reprogramming enable cell cycle reentry of mammalian CMs and facilitate heart regeneration.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Eur J Transl Myol
                EJTM
                European Journal of Translational Myology
                PAGEPress Publications, Pavia, Italy
                2037-7452
                2037-7460
                29 November 2021
                28 December 2021
                : 31
                : 4
                : 10270
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University Rome , Italy
                [2 ] Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Institut De Myologie, Centre De Recherche En Myologie , Paris, France
                Sprott Centre for Stem Cell Research , Ottawa, Canada
                Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa Ontario , Canada
                Faculty of Medicine of the University of Lisbon and Instituto de Medicina Molecular (iMM) , Lisbon, Portugal
                Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa , Lisbon, Portugal
                Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research in Bad Nauheim , Germany
                Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research , Bad Nauheim, Germany
                Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research , Bad Nauheim, Germany
                Center for Genetic Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University , Chicago, IL, USA
                [1 ] Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare “Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi,” Milan , Italy
                [2 ] Institute of Biomedical Technologies , CNR, Milan, Italy
                [3 ] Istituto di Scienze Applicate e Sistemi Intelligenti "Eduardo Caianiello" (ISASI) – CNR
                [4 ] Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "L. Spallanzani" - Università degli Studi di Pavia
                [5 ] IFOM, the FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
                [6 ] Institute of Molecular Genetics “Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza” , CNR, Pavia, Italy
                [1 ] Department of Neurosciences, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS , Milan, Italy
                [2 ] Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology Department, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS , Milan, Italy
                [3 ] Molecular Medicine, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology , Trieste, Italy
                [4 ] Department of Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS , Bergamo, Italy
                [5 ] Department of Signal Transduction, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University , Suita-shi, Osaka, Japan
                Gene Expression and Muscular Dystrophy Unit, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute , Milano, Italy
                [1 ] Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute , Development, Aging and Regeneration Program, La Jolla, CA, USA
                [2 ] Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
                [3 ] Arima Genomics, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA
                [1 ] Department of molecular Biotechnology& Health Science, University of Turin
                [2 ] Division of Experimental Oncology, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele , Milano
                [1 ] Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, King's College London , UK
                [2 ] Francis Crick Institute , London, UK
                Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia , Modena, Italy
                Parent Project aps
                [1 ] Dept Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale , Novara, Italy
                [2 ] Interuniversity Institute of Myology (IIM) , Perugia, Italy
                [3 ] Dept Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia , Perugia, Italy
                [4 ] Laboratori Biokyma srl, Anghiari, Italy
                [1 ] Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences,Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino , Turin, Italy
                [2 ] Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova , Padova, Italy
                Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University of Chieti - Pescara , Italy
                [1 ] Laboratory of Muscle Stem Cells and Gene Regulation, National Institute of Arthritis, and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD, USA
                [2 ] Genomic Technology Section, National Institute of Arthritis , and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
                [3 ] Biodata Mining and Discovery Section, National Institute of Arthritis, and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases , National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
                [1 ] Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano , Unit of Neurology, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Centro Dino Ferrari, Milan, Italy
                [2 ] Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (CNR-IRGB), Milan Unit, Milan, Italy
                [3 ] Center for Surgical Research , Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico
                [4 ] UCL Research Department for Surgical Biotechnologies & Institute for Immunity and Transplantation, University College London , UK
                [1 ] Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova , Padova, Italy
                [2 ] Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM) , Padova, Italy
                [3 ] Dulbecco Telethon Institute @ Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology – CIBIO, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
                [4 ] Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology – CIBIO, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
                [1 ] Department of Molecular Biotechnology & Health Sciences, University of Torino
                [2 ] Institute of Oncology Research, Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland, Bellinzona , Switzerland
                [3 ] Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute , Milano, Italy
                [4 ] Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute , Milano, Italy
                Randall Centre of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King’s College London, UK
                [1 ] Molecular Cardiology Laboratory, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy
                [2 ] BioCor Biobank Lab UOC, SMEL-1 Clinical Pathology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy
                [3 ] Laboratory of Muscle Histopathology and Molecular Biology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy
                [4 ] Department of Neurorehabilitation Sciences, Casa di Cura del Policlinico, Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Italy
                [5 ] Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, National Research Council, Monterotondo, Rome, Italy
                [1 ] Gene Expression and Muscular Dystrophy Unit, Division of Genetics and Cellular Biology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
                [2 ] University of Heidelberg, Medical Faculty BioQuant, Heidelberg, Germany
                [1 ]Department of Molecular Biotechnology & Health Sciences, University of Torino
                [2 ] Division of Experimental Oncology, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy
                Division of Neuroscience and Institute of experimental neurology (INSPE), Neuromuscular Repair Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
                [1 ] Epigenetics and Regenerative Medicine, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
                [2 ] Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
                [3 ] DAHFMO, Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza, University of Rome, Rome, Italy
                [4 ]Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research Council of Italy, Rome, Italy
                [1 ] Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
                [2 ] Department of Biomedical Science, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
                [3 ] CNR Neuroscience Institute, Padova, Italy
                [1 ] Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Development, Aging and Regeneration Program, La Jolla, CA, USA
                [2 ] Department of Medical Sciences, Unit of Medical Genetics, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
                [3 ] Department of Molecular Biology and the Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
                [4 ] University of Washington School of Medicine, Senator Paul D. Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Cooperative Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
                [1 ] DAHFMO-Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
                [2 ] Sezione di Istologia ed Embriologia, Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Sanità Pubblica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Roma, Italy
                [3 ] Istituto di Biochimica e Biologia Cellulare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Monterotondo scalo (Roma), Italy
                [4 ] Scuola Superiore di Studi Avanzati Sapienza (SSAS), Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
                [1 ] University of Rome La Sapienza, Division DAHFMO, Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
                [2 ] University of Rome Tor Vergata, Italy
                [3 ] Epigenetics and Regenerative Medicine, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
                [4 ] Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research Council of Italy, Rome, Italy
                [5 ] Development, Aging and Regeneration Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
                [1 ] Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
                [2 ] Interuniversity Institute of Myology (IIM), Perugia, Italy
                [3 ] Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
                [4 ] Centro Biotecnologico Internazionale di Ricerca Traslazionale a indirizzo Endocrino, Metabolico ed Embrio-Riproduttivo (CIRTEMER), Perugia, Italy.
                [1 ] Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London , UK
                [2 ] The Francis Crick Institute , London, UK
                [3 ] Sorbonne Université, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine FR3631 , Plateforme de bioinformatique ARTbio, Paris, France
                [4 ] Centre for Stem Cell Systems, The University of Melbourne , Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
                [5 ] Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health & Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children , London, UK
                [6 ] National Institute for Health Research Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre , London, UK
                [1 ] Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche FarmacologicheMario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
                [2 ] Laboratory of Antitumor Pharmacology, Department of Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
                [3 ] Laboratory of Translational Biomarkers, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
                [4 ] Department of Neuroscience, Azienda Ospedaliera di Padova, Padua, Italy
                Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua , Padua, Italy
                [1 ] Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, Italy
                [2 ] Interuniversity Institute of Myology, Italy
                [3 ] Department of Psychological, Health And Territory Sciences “G. d’Annunzio” Univesity of Chieti-Pescara, Italy
                [4 ] Department of Pharmacy, “G. d’Annunzio” University Chieti-Pescara, Italy
                [1 ] University of Rome La Sapienza, Division DAHFMO, Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza University of Rome
                [2 ] Epigenetics and Regenerative Medicine, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
                [3 ] Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
                [4 ] Centre for Biomolecular and Cellular Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
                [5 ] Development, Aging and Regeneration Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
                [6 ] Department of Life Science and Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
                [1 ] Tissue Regeneration & Homeostasis Unit, Division of Genetics and Cellular Biology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
                [2 ] Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
                [3 ] Department of Neurosciences, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research IRCCS, Milan, Italy
                [1 ] Dulbecco Telethon Institute, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
                [2 ] Department of Cellular, Computational, and Integrative Biology (CIBio), University of Trento, Trento, Italy.
                [3 ] Annexon Biosciences, South San Francisco, CA, USA
                [4 ] Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences and Paul F. Glenn Center for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
                [5 ] Center for Tissue Regeneration, Repair and Restoration, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
                [1 ] DAHFMO-Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
                [2 ] Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
                [1 ] Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
                [2 ] Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
                [3 ] Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy
                [4 ] Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, NeuroMuscular Research Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
                [1 ] Doctoral School and Research, European Univ., Madrid, Spain
                [2 ] Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Carlo Bo Univ., Urbino, Italy
                [3 ] Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Complutense Univ., Madrid, Spain
                [1 ] Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Physiological Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
                [2 ] Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Anatomy and Histology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
                [3 ] Interuniversity Institute of Myology (IIM) (https://www.coram-iim.it)
                [4 ] Transfusion Medicine and Cell Therapy Unit, "A. Meyer" University Children's Hospital, Florence, Italy
                Dept of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova , Italy
                [1 ] Gene Expression and Muscular Dystrophy Unit, Division of Genetics and Cellular Biology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
                [2 ] Biomolecular Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Unit, Division of Genetics and Cellular Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
                [1 ] Laboratory of Translational Cardiomyology, Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Research Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
                [2 ] Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Centro Dino Ferrari, Milano, Italy
                [3 ] Histology and Medical Embryology Unit, Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopaedics, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
                [1 ] Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences “Luigi Sacco” (DIBIC), Università degli Studi di Milano , Milan, Italy
                [2 ] Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine (BioMeTra), Università degli Studi di Milano , Milan, Italy
                CAST, Center for Advanced Studies and Technology & DMSI, Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara
                Institut NeuroMyoGene, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 , CNRS 5310, INSERM 1217, Lyon, France
                Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino , Torino, Italy
                [1 ] Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC) , CNR, Monterotondo, Italy
                [2 ] Centre de Recherche en Myologie, CRM, Association Institut de Myologie, Sorbonne Université , Paris, France
                [3 ] Molecular Cardiology Laboratory, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy
                [4 ] Center For Translational Genomics and Bioinformatics, IRRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
                Institut NeuroMyoGéne, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 , Lyon, France
                [1 ] Institute for Genetics, Cologne Excellence Cluster for Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne , Cologne, Germany
                [2 ] Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne , Cologne, Germany
                [3 ] Neuromuscular and Neurogenetic Disorders of Childhood Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, USA
                [4 ] Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université de Strasbourg , France
                [5 ] Laboratory of Protein Metabolism in Development and Aging, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IIMCB) , Warsaw, Poland
                Development, Aging and Regeneration Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute , La Jolla, CA, USA
                [1 ] Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche FarmacologicheMario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
                [2 ] Rare Neuromuscular Diseases Centre, Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
                [3 ] Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
                [1 ] Laboratory of Translational Cardiomyology, Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Research Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
                [2 ] Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy
                [3 ] Histology and Medical Embryology Unit, Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopaedics, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
                [1 ] IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia
                [2 ] Sapienza University. Dipartimento di Scienze anatomiche, istologiche, medico legali e dell’apparato locomotore
                [3 ] IMDEA Nanociencia
                [4 ] Bordeaux University
                [5 ] Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore
                [1 ] Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
                [2 ] Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova , Padova, Italy
                [1 ] Molecular Biotechnology Center (MBC), Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
                [2 ] Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
                [3 ] Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
                [1 ] Dept of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
                [2 ] IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
                [3 ] DAHFMO Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
                [1 ] Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
                [2 ] Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
                [1 ] Gene Expression and Muscular Dystrophy Unit, Division of Genetics and Cellular Biology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
                [2 ] Center for Omics Sciences (COSR), IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milano, Italy
                [1 ] CAST, Center for Advanced Studies and Technology, University G. d'Annunzio (Ud'A) of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
                [2 ] DMSI, Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University G. d'Annunzio (Ud'A) of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
                [3 ] IZSAM, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise G. Caporale of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
                [4 ] DNICS, Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University G. d'Annunzio (Ud'A) of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
                Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua , Italy
                Neuromuscular Repair Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele , Milan, Italy
                [1 ] Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Belgium
                [2 ] Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, KU Leuven, Belgium
                [3 ] Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
                [4 ] Department of Pediatric Oncology, UZ Leuven, Belgium
                [5 ] Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Italy
                [6 ] Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopaedics, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
                [1 ] Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Institute of Pediatric Research Città Della Speranza, Padova, Italy
                [2 ] Department of Women and Children Health, University of Padova, Italy
                [3 ] Pontificial University of Paranà, Brazil
                [4 ] Biomedical Sciences Department, University of Padova, Italy
                [5 ]Institute of Pediatric Research Città Della Speranza, Padova, Italy
                [6 ] Department of Biology, University of Padua, Italy
                [7 ] Tissue Engineering Lab, Institute of Pediatric Research Città Della Speranza, Padova, Italy
                [8 ] The Cell Factory BVBA (Esperite NV), Italy
                [9 ] Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padova, Italy
                [10 ] L.i.f.e.L.a.b. Program, Consorzio per La Ricerca Sanitaria (CORIS), Veneto Region, Padova, Italy
                [1 ] Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Italy
                [2 ] Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Italy
                [3 ] INSERM U1217, CNRS 5310, Institut NeuroMyoGène, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
                [4 ] IBIOM-CNR, Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, National Research Council, Bari, Italy
                [5 ] Myology Center, University of Padua, Padova, Italy
                [1 ] Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopaedics, Unit of Histology and Medical, Embryology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
                [2 ] Institute of Translational Pharmacology (IFT), National Research Council (CNR), Rome, Italy
                [3 ] Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), National Research Council (CNR), Monterotondo, Rome, Italy
                [4 ] Biological Adaptation and Ageing, CNRS UMR 8256, Inserm U1164, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
                [5 ] Institute of Nanotechnology - CNR, Rome Unit, Rome, Italy
                [1 ] Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences “Luigi Sacco” Università degli Studi di Milano
                [2 ] Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
                [3 ] Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
                [4 ] Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Rimini, Italy
                [1 ] Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Italy
                [2 ] Tissue Regeneration & Homeostasis Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Italy
                [3 ] University of Milano-Bicocca, School of Medicine and Surgery, Italy
                [4 ] Chromatin Dynamics Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Italy
                [1 ] Gene Expression and Muscular Dystrophy Unit, Division of Genetics and Cellular Biology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
                [2 ] ProMeFa (Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility), Center for Omics Sciences (COSR), IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
                [1 ] CAST, Center for Advanced Studies and Technology, & DMSI, Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University G. D’Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Italy
                [2 ] Department of General Pathology, Londrina State University, Brazil
                Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Sanford Burnham Prebys, La Jolla, CA, USA
                [1 ] Tissue Engineering Lab, Dep. Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven Kulak, Belgium
                [2 ] University of Pavia, Dep. di Informatica e Sistemistica, Centro di Ingegneria Tissutale (C.I.T.), University of Pavia, Italy
                [3 ] Polymer Chemistry & Biomaterials Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry, Dep. of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Belgium #Contributed equally
                [1 ] School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
                [2 ] Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
                [3 ] Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
                [4 ] Department of Physiology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
                [1 ] Tissue Regeneration & Homeostasis Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
                [2 ] San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
                [3 ] Dept of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
                [4 ] Chromatin Dynamics Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
                [5 ] Center of Translational and Experimental Myology, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
                [6 ] Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
                [7 ] Unità di Biologia Cellulare, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy
                [8 ] Innate Immunity and Tissue Remodelling Unit, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
                [9 ] HMGBiotech srl, Milan, Italy
                [10 ] Neuromuscular Repair Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
                [11 ] ICS-Maugeri (IRCCS), Scientific Institute of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
                [12 ] School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
                [1 ] Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut de Myologie, Centre de Recherche en Myologie, Paris, France
                [2 ] Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
                [1 ] Development, Aging and Regeneration Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
                [2 ] IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia (FSL), Rome, Italy
                [3 ] Dept AHFMO, University of Rome “la Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
                [1 ] Translational Cardiomyology Laboratory, Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
                [2 ] Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
                [3 ] Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, Heart Institute, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine and Molecular Cardiovascular Biology Division, Cincinnati, USA
                [4 ] Pediatric Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, Dept. of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
                [5 ] Laboratory of Protein Phosphorylation and Proteomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
                [6 ] Histology and Medical Embryology Unit, Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopaedics, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
                [1 ] Dept Physiological Chemistry, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany
                [2 ] Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
                [3 ] Bioinformatics Core Unit, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany
                Author notes
                Francesca Grassi, Dept. of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University Rome, Italy. ORCID Id: 0000-0002-0169-8397 francesca.grassi@ 123456uniroma1.it Sestina Falcone, Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Institut De Myologie, Centre De Recherche En Myologie F-75013 - Paris (France). ORCID Id: 0000-0002-3574-0602 s.falcone@ 123456institut-myologie.org

                Author’s contributions

                Authors equally contributed to write the manuscript. They also approved the final version.

                Conflict of Interest

                The authors declare they have no financial, personal, or other conflicts of interest.

                *equal contribution
                #Contributed equally
                *Shared senior authorship
                #Equally contributing authors
                §Current address: Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
                ØCurrent address: University of Cambridge, Dept of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Cambridge, UK
                *These authors contributed equally
                **These authors contributed equally
                †Equally contributing authors
                Article
                10.4081/ejtm.2021.10270
                8758965
                34850623
                42fb64bb-0e9b-4a14-a7c7-aade5432ddb3
                Copyright @

                This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License ( by-nc 4.0) which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited.

                History
                : 05 November 2021
                : 09 November 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 6, Pages: 53
                Funding
                Funding None
                Categories
                Article

                cachexia,clinical trials,dystrophy,epigenetics,ex-vivo,hear,homeostasis,in-vivo,metabolism,muscle development,neuromuscular,proof of concept,regeneration,sarcopenia,stem cells,translational,wasting

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