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      Pervasive ice sheet mass loss reflects competing ocean and atmosphere processes

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          Abstract

          Quantifying changes in Earth’s ice sheets, and identifying the climate drivers, is central to improving sea-level projections. We provide unified estimates of grounded and floating ice mass change from 2003 to 2019 using NASA’s ICESat and ICESat-2 satellite laser altimetry. Our data reveal patterns likely linked to competing climate processes: Ice loss from coastal Greenland (increased surface melt), Antarctic ice shelves (increased ocean melting), and Greenland and Antarctic outlet glaciers (dynamic response to ocean melting), was partially compensated by mass gains over ice sheet interiors (increased snow accumulation). Losses outpaced gains, with grounded-ice loss from Greenland (200 Gt a −1) and Antarctica (118 Gt a −1) contributing 14 mm to sea level. Mass lost from West Antarctica’s ice shelves accounted for over 30% of that region’s total.

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          Precise point positioning for the efficient and robust analysis of GPS data from large networks

          J. F. Zumberge, M. Heflin, D. C. Jefferson … (1997)
          Article 0 comments Cited 541 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            A reconciled estimate of ice-sheet mass balance.

            P. L. Whitehouse, M. Van den Broeke, D. G. Vaughan … (2012)
            We combined an ensemble of satellite altimetry, interferometry, and gravimetry data sets using common geographical regions, time intervals, and models of surface mass balance and glacial isostatic adjustment to estimate the mass balance of Earth's polar ice sheets. We find that there is good agreement between different satellite methods--especially in Greenland and West Antarctica--and that combining satellite data sets leads to greater certainty. Between 1992 and 2011, the ice sheets of Greenland, East Antarctica, West Antarctica, and the Antarctic Peninsula changed in mass by -142 ± 49, +14 ± 43, -65 ± 26, and -20 ± 14 gigatonnes year(-1), respectively. Since 1992, the polar ice sheets have contributed, on average, 0.59 ± 0.20 millimeter year(-1) to the rate of global sea-level rise.
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              Antarctic ice-sheet loss driven by basal melting of ice shelves.

              H. D. Pritchard, S Ligtenberg, H A Fricker … (2012)
              Accurate prediction of global sea-level rise requires that we understand the cause of recent, widespread and intensifying glacier acceleration along Antarctic ice-sheet coastal margins. Atmospheric and oceanic forcing have the potential to reduce the thickness and extent of floating ice shelves, potentially limiting their ability to buttress the flow of grounded tributary glaciers. Indeed, recent ice-shelf collapse led to retreat and acceleration of several glaciers on the Antarctic Peninsula. But the extent and magnitude of ice-shelf thickness change, the underlying causes of such change, and its link to glacier flow rate are so poorly understood that its future impact on the ice sheets cannot yet be predicted. Here we use satellite laser altimetry and modelling of the surface firn layer to reveal the circum-Antarctic pattern of ice-shelf thinning through increased basal melt. We deduce that this increased melt is the primary control of Antarctic ice-sheet loss, through a reduction in buttressing of the adjacent ice sheet leading to accelerated glacier flow. The highest thinning rates occur where warm water at depth can access thick ice shelves via submarine troughs crossing the continental shelf. Wind forcing could explain the dominant patterns of both basal melting and the surface melting and collapse of Antarctic ice shelves, through ocean upwelling in the Amundsen and Bellingshausen seas, and atmospheric warming on the Antarctic Peninsula. This implies that climate forcing through changing winds influences Antarctic ice-sheet mass balance, and hence global sea level, on annual to decadal timescales.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Title: Science
                Abbreviated Title: Science
                Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
                ISSN (Print): 0036-8075
                ISSN (Electronic): 1095-9203
                Publication date (Electronic): April 30 2020
                Page: eaaz5845
                Affiliations
                [1 ]University of Washington, Applied Physics Laboratory, Polar Science Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
                [2 ]Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.
                [3 ]Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
                [4 ]Cryospheric Science Lab, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA.
                [5 ]Department of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
                [6 ]Department of Geology, Amherst College, Amherst, MA, USA.
                [7 ]Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
                [8 ]Department of Geological Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.
                [9 ]KBR, Greenbelt, MD, USA.
                [10 ]Department of Geophysics, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, USA.
                Article
                DOI: 10.1126/science.aaz5845
                PubMed ID: 32354841
                SO-VID: 40503d1b-e6b7-4f3b-8096-64607ab0e66e
                Copyright © © 2020
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