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      Reiseimpfungen bei rheumatischen Erkrankungen : Besonderheiten bei Kindern und Erwachsenen Translated title: Travel vaccinations in rheumatic diseases : Specific considerations in children and adults

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          Abstract

          Kinder und Erwachsene mit rheumatischen Erkrankungen (RE) haben nicht nur durch ihre Grunderkrankung, sondern auch durch die vielfach notwendige immunsuppressive Therapie (IT) ein erhöhtes Risiko, an bestimmten Infektionen zu erkranken. Durch die IT hat sich die Lebensqualität bei vielen Patienten mit RE verbessert, sodass ihr internationales Reiseverhalten dem gesunder Reisenden ähnelt. Eine Untersuchung deutet an, dass Patienten mit Immunsuppression oftmals unzureichend auf Reisen vorbereitet sind und ihr Impfschutz schlechter als bei Immungesunden ist. Da auch während und nach Reisen das Erkrankungsrisiko für allgemeine und reisespezifische Infektionen bei Patienten mit Immunsuppression erhöht ist, sind reisemedizinische Beratungen bei Patienten mit RE wichtig. Hier können ein Reiserücktritt oder Reisemodifikationen und spezifischer Schutz inklusive Reiseimpfungen besprochen werden. Zu den gängigen Indikationsimpfungen bei Reisen zählen Impfungen gegen Hepatitis A, Typhus, Tollwut, Meningokokken, FSME (Frühsommer-Meningoenzephalitis), saisonale Influenza, Japanische Enzephalitis, Cholera, Poliomyelitis und Gelbfieber. Bei Patienten mit RE ergibt sich die Impfindikation dabei aus der möglichen Exposition gegenüber impfpräventablen Infektionen, dem individuellen Reiseverhalten, der Schwere der möglichen Infektion unter Abwägung der Risiken, die mit der Reiseimpfung assoziiert sind. Dafür müssen auch der allgemeine Gesundheitszustand, die Aktivität und Schwere der RE und der Grad der IT beachtet werden. Allgemein gilt für Patienten mit RE und IT, dass auch bei Reiseimpfungen Lebendimpfstoffe kontraindiziert sind, während Totimpfstoffe verabreicht werden können. Da eine reduzierte Impfantwort möglich ist, können Antikörpermessungen nach der Impfserie und spezifische Impfschemata oder zusätzliche Booster bei Patienten mit RE indiziert sein.

          Translated abstract

          Children and adults with rheumatic diseases (RD) have a higher risk to contract infections due to the underlying disease and the frequently necessary immunosuppressive treatment (IT). The quality of life of the majority of patients with RD has remarkably improved due to IT-related reduction of inflammation. Therefore, RD patients usually have an international travel behavior similar to healthy individuals. An investigation indicated that patients with RD and IT have lower travel vaccination rates and are often less well-prepared for their trip in comparison to healthy travelers, even when visiting high risk destinations. As the risk for general and travel-acquired infections is increased for patients with RD with and without IT, pretravel consultations are important. These pretravel consultations should include recommendations addressing travel cancellation, travel modification and travel vaccinations depending on the patient’s risk. Travel vaccinations include vaccinations against hepatitis A, typhoid fever, rabies, cholera, meningococcal diseases, tick-bone encephalitis, Japanese encephalitis, seasonal influenza, poliomyelitis and yellow fever. In patients with RD the indications for vaccination depend on the exposure risks, disease severity, individual travel behavior, and possible complications associated with vaccination. In the further evaluation process it is crucial to include the general health condition of the patient, the underlying RD (type and activity), duration and intensity of the IT. In general, live-attenuated vaccines are contraindicated under IT. In contrast, inactivated vaccines may be administered although reduced immunogenicity with the need for antibody measurement, special vaccine schedules or additional booster vaccinations should be considered under IT.

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          2019 update of EULAR recommendations for vaccination in adult patients with autoimmune inflammatory rheumatic diseases

          To update the European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) recommendations for vaccination in adult patients with autoimmune inflammatory rheumatic diseases (AIIRD) published in 2011. Four systematic literature reviews were performed regarding the incidence/prevalence of vaccine-preventable infections among patients with AIIRD; efficacy, immunogenicity and safety of vaccines; effect of anti-rheumatic drugs on the response to vaccines; effect of vaccination of household of AIIRDs patients. Subsequently, recommendations were formulated based on the evidence and expert opinion. The updated recommendations comprise six overarching principles and nine recommendations. The former address the need for an annual vaccination status assessment, shared decision-making and timing of vaccination, favouring vaccination during quiescent disease, preferably prior to the initiation of immunosuppression. Non-live vaccines can be safely provided to AIIRD patients regardless of underlying therapy, whereas live-attenuated vaccines may be considered with caution. Influenza and pneumococcal vaccination should be strongly considered for the majority of patients with AIIRD. Tetanus toxoid and human papilloma virus vaccination should be provided to AIIRD patients as recommended for the general population. Hepatitis A, hepatitis B and herpes zoster vaccination should be administered to AIIRD patients at risk. Immunocompetent household members of patients with AIIRD should receive vaccines according to national guidelines, except for the oral poliomyelitis vaccine. Live-attenuated vaccines should be avoided during the first 6 months of life in newborns of mothers treated with biologics during the second half of pregnancy. These 2019 EULAR recommendations provide an up-to-date guidance on the management of vaccinations in patients with AIIRD.
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            2013 IDSA clinical practice guideline for vaccination of the immunocompromised host.

            An international panel of experts prepared an evidenced-based guideline for vaccination of immunocompromised adults and children. These guidelines are intended for use by primary care and subspecialty providers who care for immunocompromised patients. Evidence was often limited. Areas that warrant future investigation are highlighted.
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              EULAR recommendations for vaccination in paediatric patients with rheumatic diseases.

              Evidence-based recommendations for vaccination of paediatric patients with rheumatic diseases (PaedRD) were developed by following the EULAR standardised procedures for guideline development. The EULAR task force consisted of (paediatric) rheumatologists/immunologists, one expert in vaccine evaluation, one expert in public health and infectious disease control, and one epidemiologist. A systematic literature review was conducted in MEDLINE, EMBASE, and abstracts of the EULAR and American College of Rheumatology meetings of 2008/9. The level of evidence and strength of recommendation were based on customary scoring systems. Delphi voting was applied to assess the level of agreement between task force members. 107 papers and eight abstracts were used. The majority of papers considered seasonal influenza (41) or pneumococcal (23) vaccination. 26 studies were performed specifically in paediatric patients, and the majority in adult rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus patients. Fifteen recommendations were developed with an overall agreement of 91.7%. More research is needed on the safety and immunogenicity of (live-attenuated) vaccination in PaedRD, particularly in those using biologicals, and the effect of vaccination on prevention of infections.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Tatjana.Welzel@ukbb.ch , http://www.ukbb.ch
                ulrich.heininger@ukbb.ch
                Journal
                Z Rheumatol
                Z Rheumatol
                Zeitschrift Fur Rheumatologie
                Springer Medizin (Heidelberg )
                0340-1855
                1435-1250
                26 August 2020
                26 August 2020
                2020
                : 79
                : 9
                : 865-872
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.6612.3, ISNI 0000 0004 1937 0642, Pädiatrische Rheumatologie, , Universitäts-Kinderspital beider Basel (UKBB), Universität Basel, ; Spitalstr. 33, CH-4056 Basel, Schweiz
                [2 ]GRID grid.6612.3, ISNI 0000 0004 1937 0642, Pädiatrische Pharmakologie, , Universitäts-Kinderspital beider Basel (UKBB), Universität Basel, ; Spitalstr. 33, CH-4056 Basel, Schweiz
                [3 ]GRID grid.6612.3, ISNI 0000 0004 1937 0642, Pädiatrische Infektiologie, , Universitäts-Kinderspital beider Basel (UKBB), Universität Basel, ; Spitalstr. 33, CH-4056 Basel, Schweiz
                [4 ]GRID grid.6612.3, ISNI 0000 0004 1937 0642, Medizinische Fakultät, , Universität Basel, ; Basel, Schweiz
                Author notes
                [Redaktion]

                H.-I. Huppertz, Bremen

                U. Müller-Ladner, Bad Nauheim

                Article
                852
                10.1007/s00393-020-00852-w
                7648002
                32845394
                3ea20e17-45f0-4712-a9c3-0545f88210a4
                © The Author(s) 2020

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                History
                Funding
                Funded by: University of Basel
                Categories
                Leitthema
                Custom metadata
                © Springer Medizin Verlag GmbH, ein Teil von Springer Nature 2020

                Rheumatology
                immunsuppression,lebendimpfstoff,totimpfstoff,infektion,impfschutz,immunosuppression,live vaccine,inactivated vaccine,infection,vaccination protection

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