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      Factores de riesgo y niveles de burnout en enfermeras de atención primaria: una revisión sistemática Translated title: Risk factors and burnout levels in Primary Care nurses: A systematic review

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          Resumen

          Objetivo

          Conocer los factores de riesgo y los niveles de burnout en enfermeras de atención primaria.

          Metodología

          Se realizó una revisión sistemática.

          Fuentes de datos

          Se consultaron CINAHL, CUIDEN, LILACS, Pubmed, ProQuest, ScienceDirect y Scopus. Las ecuaciones de búsqueda fueron: «burnout AND community health nursing» y «burnout AND primary care nursing». La búsqueda se realizó en octubre del 2015.

          Selección de estudios

          La muestra final fue de n = 12. Se incluyeron estudios primarios cuantitativos que utilizasen el Maslach Burnout Inventory para evaluar el burnout en enfermeras de atención primaria, sin restricción por fecha de publicación.

          Extracción de datos

          Las principales variables fueron la media y desviación típica de las 3 dimensiones del burnout, las prevalencias de niveles bajos, medios y altos de cada dimensión, y los factores sociodemográficos, laborales y psicológicos que potencialmente influyen en su desarrollo.

          Resultados

          Los estudios muestran prevalencias de cansancio emocional alto, por lo general, entre el 23 y el 31%. Las prevalencias de despersonalización alta y realización personal baja muestran heterogeneidad, variando entre el 8-32 y el 4-92% de la muestra respectivamente. Los estudios informan de que las enfermeras con mayor edad, mayor antigüedad laboral, ansiedad y depresión, entre otras variables, presentan mayores niveles de burnout, mientras que aquellas con mayor sueldo, satisfacción laboral alta, apoyo de la organización y buen autoconcepto lo padecen menos.

          Conclusión

          El cansancio emocional alto es la principal dimensión del burnout afectada en la enfermería de atención primaria. En despersonalización y realización personal existe heterogeneidad. Debe prevenirse el burnout en estos profesionales potenciando los factores protectores y vigilando su aparición en los que presenten factores de riesgo.

          Translated abstract

          Objective

          To determine the risk factors and levels of burnout in Primary Care nurses.

          Methods

          A systematic review was performed.

          Data sources

          CINAHL, CUIDEN, LILACS, PubMed, ProQuest, ScienceDirect and Scopus databases were consulted. Search equations were ‘burnout AND community health nursing’ and ‘burnout AND primary care nursing’. The search was performed in October 2015.

          Study selection

          The final sample was n = 12 studies. Quantitative primary studies that used Maslach Burnout Inventory for burnout assessment in Primary Care nurses were included without restriction by publication date.

          Data extraction

          The main variables were the mean and standard deviation of the three burnout dimensions, high, medium and low prevalence rates of each dimension, and socio-demographic, occupational and psychological variables that potentially influence burnout level.

          Results

          Studies show high prevalence rates, generally between 23% and 31%, of emotional exhaustion. The prevalence rates of high depersonalisation and low personal accomplishment show heterogeneity, varying between 8%-32% and 4%-92% of the sample, respectively. Studies show that older nurses with more seniority, anxiety and depression, among other variables, have higher burnout levels, while nurses with higher salary, high job satisfaction, organisational support, and good self-concept have less burnout.

          Conclusion

          High emotional exhaustion is the main affected dimension of burnout in Primary Care nursing. There is heterogeneity in depersonalisation and personal accomplishment. Burnout must be prevented in these professionals, by increasing protective factors and monitoring its appearance in those with risk factors.

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          Most cited references32

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          Determinants and prevalence of burnout in emergency nurses: a systematic review of 25 years of research.

          Burnout is an important problem in health care professionals and is associated with a decrease in occupational well-being and an increase in absenteeism, turnover and illness. Nurses are found to be vulnerable to burnout, but emergency nurses are even more so, since emergency nursing is characterized by unpredictability, overcrowding and continuous confrontation with a broad range of diseases, injuries and traumatic events.
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            Job stress and burnout in hospital employees: comparisons of different medical professions in a regional hospital in Taiwan

            Objectives To explore the prevalence and associated factors of burnout among five different medical professions in a regional teaching hospital. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Hospital-based survey. Participants A total of 1329 medical professionals were recruited in a regional hospital with a response rate of 89%. These voluntary participants included 101 physicians, 68 physician assistants, 570 nurses, 216 medical technicians and 374 administrative staff. Primary and secondary outcome measures Demographic data included gender, age, level of education and marital status, and work situations, such as position, work hours and work shifts, were obtained from an electronic questionnaire. Job strain and burnout were measured by two validated questionnaires, the Chinese version of the Job Content Questionnaire and the Copenhagen Burnout Inventory. Results Among the five medical professions, the prevalence of high work-related burnout from highest to lowest was nurses (66%), physician assistants (61.8%), physicians (38.6%), administrative staff (36.1%) and medical technicians (31.9%), respectively. Hierarchical regression analysis indicated that job strain, overcommitment and low social support explained the most variance (32.6%) of burnout. Conclusions Physician assistant is an emerging high burnout group; its severity is similar to that of nurses and far more than that of physicians, administrative staff and medical technicians. These findings may contribute to the development of feasible strategies to reduce the stress which results in the burnout currently plaguing most hospitals in Taiwan.
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              Predictors of nurse absenteeism in hospitals: a systematic review.

              This study aimed to identify and examine predictors of short-term absences of staff nurses working in hospital settings reported in the research literature. Front-line staff nurse absenteeism contributes to discontinuity of patient care, decreased staff morale and is costly to healthcare. A systematic review of studies from 1986 to 2006, obtained through electronic searches of 10 online databases led to inclusion of 16 peer-reviewed research articles. Seventy potential predictors of absenteeism were examined and analysed using content analysis. Our findings showed that individual 'nurses' prior attendance records', 'work attitudes' (job satisfaction, organizational commitment and work/job involvement) and 'retention factors' reduced nurse absenteeism, whereas 'burnout' and 'job stress' increased absenteeism. Remaining factors examined in the literature did not significantly predict nurse absenteeism. Reasons underlying absenteeism among staff nurses are still poorly understood. Lack of robust theory about nursing absenteeism may underlie the inconsistent results found in this review. Further theory development and research is required to explore the determinants of short-term absenteeism of nurses in acute care hospitals. Work environment factors that increase nurses' job satisfaction, and reduce burnout and job stress need to be considered in managing staff nurse absenteeism.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Aten Primaria
                Aten Primaria
                Atencion Primaria
                Elsevier
                0212-6567
                1578-1275
                27 June 2016
                February 2017
                27 June 2016
                : 49
                : 2
                : 77-85
                Affiliations
                [a ]Departamento de Enfermería, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Campus Universitario de Ceuta, Universidad de Granada, Ceuta, España
                [b ]Departamento de Ciencias Sociales, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile
                [c ]Departamento de Metodología de las Ciencias del Comportamiento, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Madrid, España
                [d ]Departamento de Enfermería, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud de Granada, Universidad de Granada, Granada, España
                [e ]Departamento de Psicología Social, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales de Melilla, Universidad de Granada, Melilla, España
                Author notes
                [* ]Autor para correspondencia. jlgurquiza@ 123456ugr.es
                Article
                S0212-6567(16)30175-5
                10.1016/j.aprim.2016.05.004
                6876264
                27363394
                39f23814-a57d-4aeb-8ac3-d913f871c978
                © 2016 Elsevier España, S.L.U.

                This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

                History
                : 18 January 2016
                : 3 May 2016
                Categories
                Original

                atención primaria de salud,agotamiento profesional,burnout,factores de riesgo,enfermería,salud laboral,primary health care,emotional exhaustion,risk factors,nursing,occupational health

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