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      FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH INFECTIONS IN SPINAL SURGERY Translated title: FATORES ASSOCIADOS A INFECÇÕES EM CIRURGIA DA COLUNA VERTEBRAL Translated title: FACTORES ASOCIADOS A LAS INFECCIONES EN CIRUGÍA DE COLUMNA

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          Abstract

          ABSTRACT Objective: To identify the factors associated with postoperative infections in spinal surgery. Methods: Descriptive, retrospective, cross-sectional study conducted in the spine surgery department of the Medical Unit of High Specialty (UMAE) at the Hospital of Traumatology and Orthopedics Lomas Verdes, Mexican Institute of Social Security (IMSS) between January 01, 2013 and June 30, 2014 through medical records of the service and the records of clinical care. Data were gathered in accordance with the records of patients with infection after spinal surgery. The factors considered were age group, etiologic agent, surgical site, type of treatment, bleeding volume and pharmacotherapy. Frequency and descriptive statistic was conducted. The rank sum test with the Wilcoxon test for a single sample was performed in different measurements; Pearson's correlation was calculated and all p<0.05 values were considered significant. Results: The sample was composed of 14 patients of which 11 were female (78.6%) and 3 male (21.4%) with predominance of surgical area in the lumbar and dorsolumbar region. There was a significant correlation between the surgical time and the amount of bleeding with p<0.001. Conclusions: It was clear that the infections present in patients after spinal surgery are multifactorial. However, in this study the correlation between time of surgery and bleeding amount had the highest importance and relevance.

          Translated abstract

          RESUMO Objetivo: Identificar os fatores associados a infecções pós-operatórias em cirurgia da coluna vertebral. Métodos: Estudo descritivo, retrospectivo, transversal, no serviço de cirurgia da coluna vertebral da Unidade Médica de Alta Especialidade (UMAE), Hospital de Traumatologia e Ortopedia Lomas Verdes, Instituto Mexicano de Seguro Social (IMSS), entre 1 de janeiro de 2013 e 30 de junho de 2014, por meio de registros de serviços e de registros do expediente clínico. Foram coletadas informações de acordo com os registros de pacientes com infecção pós-operatória em cirurgia da coluna vertebral. Os fatores considerados foram faixa etária, agente etiológico, local da cirurgia, tipo de tratamento, volume de sangramento e farmacoterapia. A estatística foi descritiva e de frequência. Realizou-se o teste de soma de postos com o teste de Wilcoxon para uma única amostra, em diferentes medições; a correlação de Pearson foi calculada e todos os valores de p < 0,05 foram considerados significantes. Resultados: Foram reunidos 14 pacientes, dos quais eram 11 do sexo feminino (78,6%) e 3 do sexo masculino (21,4%), com predominância de área cirúrgica na região lombar e dorsolombar. Verificou-se correlação significante entre o tempo de cirurgia e o volume de sangramento de p < 0,001. Conclusões: Ficou claro que as infecções presentes em pacientes depois da cirurgia de coluna vertebral são multifatoriais. No entanto, neste estudo a correlação entre tempo de cirurgia e volume de sangramento tem a maior importância e relevância.

          Translated abstract

          RESUMEN Objetivo: Identificar los factores asociados a las infecciones postoperatorias en cirugía de columna. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo, transversal, en el servicio de cirugía de columna de la Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad (UMAE), Hospital de Traumatología y Ortopedia Lomas Verdes, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS) entre 01 de enero de 2013 y 30 de junio de 2014 utilizando los registros del servicio y los de expediente clínico. Se recabó información de acuerdo a los registros de pacientes con infección postoperatoria en cirugía de columna. Los factores que se tomaron en cuenta fueron grupo etario, agente etiológico, área quirúrgica, tipo de tratamiento, volumen de sangrado, tiempo quirúrgico, farmacoterapia utilizada. Se realizó estadística de frecuencia y descriptiva. Se realizó la prueba de suma de rangos con la prueba de Wilcoxon para una sola muestra en diferentes mediciones; se realizó la correlación de Pearson y se tomó como significativo todo valor de p < 0,05. Resultados: Fueron 14 pacientes de los cuales 11 del sexo femenino (78,6%) y 3 del sexo masculino (21,4%), con un predominio de área quirúrgica en la región lumbar y dorsolumbar. Se encontró una correlación significativa entre el tiempo quirúrgico y el volumen de sangrado de p < 0,001. Conclusiones: Es claro que las infecciones presentes en pacientes después de cirugía de columna son de origen multifactorial. Sin embargo, en este estudio se encuentran de mayor significancia y relevancia la correlación de volumen de sangrado y el tiempo quirúrgico.

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          Risk factors for infection after spinal surgery.

          A retrospective case control analysis of 48 cases of postoperative infection following spinal procedures. Spinal procedures that became infected after surgery were analyzed to identify the significance of preoperative and intraoperative risk factors. Characterization of the nature and timing of the infections was also performed. The rate of postoperative infection following spinal surgery varies widely depending on the nature of the procedure and the patient's diagnosis. Preoperative comorbidities and risk factors also influence the likelihood of infection. A review of 1629 procedures performed on 1095 patients revealed that a postoperative infection developed in 48 patients (4.4%). Data regarding preoperative and intraoperative risk factors were gathered from patient charts for these and a randomly selected control group of 95 uninfected patients. For analysis, these patient groups were further divided into adult and pediatric subgroups, with an age cutoff of 18 years. Preoperative risk factors reviewed included smoking, diabetes, previous surgery, previous infection, steroid use, body mass index, and alcohol abuse. Intraoperative factors reviewed included staging of procedures, estimated blood loss, operating time, and use of allograft or instrumentation. The majority of infections occurred during the early postoperative period (less than 3 months). Age >60 years, smoking, diabetes, previous surgical infection, increased body mass index, and alcohol abuse were statistically significant preoperative risk factors. The most likely procedure to be complicated by an infection was a combined anterior/posterior spinal fusion performed in a staged manner under separate anesthesia. Infections were primarily monomicrobial, although 5 patients had more than 4 organisms identified. The most common organism cultured from the wounds was Staphylococcus aureus. All patients were treated with surgical irrigation and débridement, and appropriate antibiotics to treat the cultured organism. Aggressive treatment of patients undergoing complex or prolonged spinal procedures is essential to prevent and treat infections. Understanding a patient's preoperative risk factors may help the physician to optimize a patient's preoperative condition. Additionally, awareness of critical intraoperative parameters will help to optimize surgical treatment. It may be appropriate to increase the duration of prophylactic antibiotics or implement other measures to decrease the incidence of infection for high risk patients.
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            Incidence, prevalence, and analysis of risk factors for surgical site infection following adult spinal surgery.

            A retrospective cohort study to identify rates and analyze the risk factors for postoperative spinal wound infection. To determine significant risk factors for postoperative spinal wound infection by comparing those patients who developed a postoperative wound infection with the rest of the cohort. A surgical site infection (SSI) is a common complication after spinal surgery. SSI leads to higher morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. To develop strategies to reduce the risk for SSI, independent risk factors for SSI should be identified. The electronic patient record of all 3174 patients who underwent orthopedic spinal surgery at out institution were abstracted. Individual patient and perioperative characteristics were stored in an electronic database. In total, 132 (4.2%) patients were found to have an SSI with 84 having deep based infection. Estimated blood loss over 1 liter (P = 0.017), previous SSI (P = 0.012) and diabetes (P = 0.050) were found to be independent statistically significant risk factors for SSI. Obesity (P = 0.009) was found to significantly increase the risk of superficial infection, whereas anterior spinal approach decreased the risk (P = 0.010). Diabetes (P = 0.033), obesity (P = 0.047), previous SSI (P = 0.009), and longer surgeries (2-5 hours [P = 0.023] and 5 or more hours [P = 0.009]) were found to be independent significant risk factors for deep SSI. SSI is commonly seen after spinal surgery. In our study, we identified independent risk factors for both deep and superficial SSI. Identification of these risk factors should allow us to design protocols to decrease the risk of SSE in future patients.
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              Risk factors for postoperative spinal wound infections after spinal decompression and fusion surgeries.

              This is a multivariate analysis of a prospectively collected database. To determine preoperative, intraoperative, and patient characteristics that contribute to an increased risk of postoperative wound infection in patients undergoing spinal surgery. Current literature sites a postoperative infection rate of approximately 4%; however, few have completed multivariate analysis to determine factors which contribute to risk of infection. Our study identified patients who underwent a spinal decompression and fusion between 1997 and 2006 from the Veterans Affairs' National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to determine the effect of various preoperative variables on postoperative infection. Data on 24,774 patients were analyzed. Wound infection was present in 752 (3.04%) patients, 287 (1.16%) deep, and 468 (1.89%) superficial. Postoperative infection was associated with longer hospital stay (7.12 vs. 4.20 days), higher 30-day mortality (1.06% vs. 0.5%), higher complication rates (1.24% vs. 0.05%), and higher return to the operating room rates (37% vs. 2.45%). Multivariate logistic regression identified insulin dependent diabetes (odds ratios [OR] = 1.50), current smoking (OR = 1.19) ASA class of 3 (OR = 1.45) or 4 to 5 (OR = 1.66), weight loss (OR = 2.14), dependent functional status (1.36) preoperative HCT 6 hours (OR = 1.40) as statistically significant predictors of postoperative infection. Using multivariate analysis of a large prospectively collected data from the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database, we identified the most important risk factors for increased postoperative spinal wound infection. We have demonstrated the high mortality, morbidity, and hospitalization costs associated with postoperative spinal wound infections. The information provided should help alert clinicians to presence of these risks factors and the likelihood of higher postoperative infections and morbidity in spinal surgery patients.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                coluna
                Coluna/Columna
                Coluna/Columna
                Sociedade Brasileira de Coluna
                2177-014X
                June 2016
                : 15
                : 2
                : 124-126
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social Mexico
                Article
                S1808-18512016000200124
                10.1590/S1808-185120161502155250
                341332a8-aee3-4d8e-82c5-648f71a18130

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=1808-1851&lng=en
                Categories
                ORTHOPEDICS
                REHABILITATION

                Orthopedics,Physiotherapy
                Infecção,Complicações pós-cirúrgicas,Coluna vertebral.,Infección,Complicaciones posoperatorias,Columna vertebral.,Infection,Postoperative complications,Spine.

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