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      Stability and Antibiofilm Efficiency of Slightly Acidic Electrolyzed Water Against Mixed-Species of Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus

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          Abstract

          In the natural environment, most microorganisms live in mixed-species biofilms, in which the metabolism and growth of organisms are different from that in single-species biofilms. Adhesive bacteria and their biofilms on the surface of food processing equipment are the sources of cross-contamination, leading to the risk for humans. Slightly acidic electrolyzed water (SAEW) has been proposed as a novel sanitizer in the food and agriculture industry. In this study, we investigated the changes in the physical properties of SAEW under different conditions and the disinfection abilities of SAEW against spore-forming and non-spore-forming pathogens. Furthermore, we examined the disinfection abilities of SAEW after 12 months of shelf life on a mixed-species biofilm of Listeria monocytogenes Scott A and Staphylococcus aureus. The results showed that SAEW at 30 and 50 ppm achieved all-kill of the spore-forming pathogen Bacillus cereus within 30 s. Changes in the ACC and pH of the produced SAEW were generally affected by the storage conditions. Both spore-forming and non-spore-forming pathogens were not detected under treatment with 50 ppm SAEW for 5 min under HDPE-closed conditions throughout the whole storage period. Moreover, 25 mg/L SAEW can inactivate L. monocytogenes Scott A and S. aureus biofilm cells in ~2.45 and 2.57 log CFU/mL in biofilms within 5-min treatment. However, the decline of the two bacteria in the mixed-species biofilm was 1.95 and 1.43 log CFU/mL, respectively. The changes in the cell membrane permeability of the mixed-species biofilm under treatment with SAEW were observed by using atomic force microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy. L. monocytogenes Scott A was more sensitive to SAEW in the mixed-species biofilm cells. These findings exhibited strong antibiofilm activities of SAEW in impairing biofilm cell membranes, decreasing cell density, and eliminating biofilm, which suggest that SAEW is an excellent antibacterial agent in the food processing industries.

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          Staphylococcus aureus infections: epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and management.

          Staphylococcus aureus is a major human pathogen that causes a wide range of clinical infections. It is a leading cause of bacteremia and infective endocarditis as well as osteoarticular, skin and soft tissue, pleuropulmonary, and device-related infections. This review comprehensively covers the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and management of each of these clinical entities. The past 2 decades have witnessed two clear shifts in the epidemiology of S. aureus infections: first, a growing number of health care-associated infections, particularly seen in infective endocarditis and prosthetic device infections, and second, an epidemic of community-associated skin and soft tissue infections driven by strains with certain virulence factors and resistance to β-lactam antibiotics. In reviewing the literature to support management strategies for these clinical manifestations, we also highlight the paucity of high-quality evidence for many key clinical questions.
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            Antibiotics versus biofilm: an emerging battleground in microbial communities

            Biofilm is a complex structure of microbiome having different bacterial colonies or single type of cells in a group; adhere to the surface. These cells are embedded in extracellular polymeric substances, a matrix which is generally composed of eDNA, proteins and polysaccharides, showed high resistance to antibiotics. It is one of the major causes of infection persistence especially in nosocomial settings through indwelling devices. Quorum sensing plays an important role in regulating the biofilm formation. There are many approaches being used to control infections by suppressing its formation but CRISPR-CAS (gene editing technique) and photo dynamic therapy (PDT) are proposed to be used as therapeutic approaches to subside bacterial biofim infections, especially caused by deadly drug resistant bad bugs.
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              Biofilm Matrixome: Extracellular Components in Structured Microbial Communities

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Front Microbiol
                Front Microbiol
                Front. Microbiol.
                Frontiers in Microbiology
                Frontiers Media S.A.
                1664-302X
                12 May 2022
                2022
                : 13
                : 865918
                Affiliations
                [1] 1Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University , Chuncheon, South Korea
                [2] 2SeouLin Bioscience Company and Limited , Seongnam-si, South Korea
                [3] 3Kangwon Institute of Inclusive Technology (KIIT), Kangwon National University , Chuncheon, South Korea
                [4] 4Saveetha School of Engineering, (SIMATS) University , Sriperumbudur, India
                Author notes

                Edited by: Huhu Wang, Nanjing Agricultural University, China

                Reviewed by: Hülya Ölmez, Material Institute (MAM), Turkey; Luxin Wang, University of California, Davis, United States

                *Correspondence: Deog Hwan Oh deoghwa@ 123456kangwon.ac.kr

                This article was submitted to Food Microbiology, a section of the journal Frontiers in Microbiology

                Article
                10.3389/fmicb.2022.865918
                9135065
                35633663
                2fd514b4-3110-409d-914a-bf85920c4e97
                Copyright © 2022 Yan, Chelliah, Jo, Selvakumar, Chen, Jo and Oh.

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                : 30 January 2022
                : 29 March 2022
                Page count
                Figures: 7, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 39, Pages: 13, Words: 6294
                Funding
                Funded by: Korea Brain Research Institute, doi 10.13039/100018749;
                Funded by: Ministry of SMEs and Startups, doi 10.13039/501100013129;
                Funded by: National Research Foundation of Korea, doi 10.13039/501100003725;
                Categories
                Microbiology
                Original Research

                Microbiology & Virology
                saew,mixed-species,antimicrobial activity,biofilm,shelf life
                Microbiology & Virology
                saew, mixed-species, antimicrobial activity, biofilm, shelf life

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