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      Comparison of general anaesthesia and spinal anaesthesia for Caesarean section in Antigua and Barbuda Translated title: Comparación de la anestesia general y la anestesia espinal en la Sección Cesárea en Antigua y Barbuda

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      West Indian Medical Journal
      The University of the West Indies

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          Abstract

          Regional anaesthesia has become the anaesthetic of choice for Caesarean section (CS) in developed countries, with use extended to smaller, less developed countries in the past decade. This study is a comparison of maternal and neonatal outcomes comparing general anaesthesia (GA) and the early experience with spinal anaesthesia (SA) for CS in Antigua and Barbuda. Data obtained included maternal age, gravidity, parity, indication for operation, emergent versus routine operation and type of anaesthesia used. Outcome data comprised estimated blood loss, transfusion requirement, length of stay, postoperative wound infection for mothers. Data obtained for babies included birthweight, one and five minute Apgar scores, neonatal special care unit admission or perinatal death. The sample population included 103 CS patients who underwent GA and 45 who underwent SA. There was no difference in age (mean 29.3 vs 29.4 years), gravidity (mean 3.25 vs 3.27), parity (mean 1.74 vs 1.56) or emergency vs routine CS (44.4% vs 49.5%). Mothers who underwent GA had significantly greater estimated blood loss (mean 787 vs 632 mL, p < 0.02) and rate of transfusion (13.6% vs 2.2%, p < 0.05). There was a trend toward longer hospital stay (mean 6.86 vs 6.42 days, p = 0.16) but a lower rate of postoperative wound infection (8.7% vs 20%, p < 0.10) for mothers who underwent GA. There were no maternal deaths. Babies demonstrated no difference in birthweight (mean 3238 vs 3258 g) but those born to mothers who underwent GA had significantly lower one minute (mean 6.84 vs 8.17, p < 0.0001) and five minute (mean 8.13 vs 8.91, p < 0.001) Apgar scores, with a trend toward more frequent neonatal special care unit admission (26.2% vs 17.7%, p < 0.20) and perinatal death (3.9 vs 0%, p < 0.30). GA and SA appear equally safe, but SA was associated with significantly better outcome for both mothers and babies.

          Translated abstract

          La anestesia regional se ha convertido en el anestésico de preferencia para la sección cesárea (CS) en los países desarrollados, extendiéndose su uso a los países más pequeños y menos desarrollados en la FAltima década. Este estudio es una comparación de resultados maternos y neonatales que comparan la anestesia general (AG) y las primeras experiencias con la anestesia espinal (AE) para la SC en Antigua y Barbuda. Los datos obtenidos incluyeron: edad de la madre, gravidez, paridad, indicación de operación, operación de rutina versus operación de emergencia, y tipo de anestesia usada. Los datos de los resultados comprendieron: estimado de la pérdida de sangre, requisitos para la transfusión, duración de la estancia, e infección de la herida postoperatoria para las madres. Los datos obtenidos para los bebés incluyeron: peso al nacer, puntuaciones de Apgar al primer minuto y a los cinco minutos, ingreso a la unidad neonatal de cuidados especiales o muerte perinatal. La población de la muestra incluyó a 103 pacientes de SC que fueron sometidos a AG y 45 que fueron sometidos a AE. No hubo ninguna diferencia en edad (29.3 vs 29.4 años promedio), gravidez (3.25 vs 3.27 promedio), paridad (1.74 vs 1.56 promedio) o cesárea de emergencia frente a cesárea de rutina (44.4% vs 49.5%). Las madres que fueron sometidas a AG tuvieron estimados de pérdida de sangre (787 vs 632 mL promedio, p < 0.02) y tasa de transfusión (13.6% vs 2.2%, p < 0.05) significativamente mayores. Hubo tendencia a una estadía hospitalaria más larga (6.86 vs 6.42 días promedio, p = 0.16) pero una tasa más baja de infección post-operatoria (8.7% vs 20%, p < 0.10) para las madres que fueron sometidas a AG. No hubo muertes maternas. Los bebés no mostraron diferencia de peso al nacer (3238 vs 3258 g promedio) pero los nacidos de madres sometidas a AG, tuvieron puntuaciones de Apgar al primer minuto (6.84 vs 8.17 promedio, p < 0.0001) y a los cinco minutos (8.13 vs 8.91 promedio, p < 0.001) significativamente más bajas, con tendencia a una mayor frecuencia de ingreso a unidades neonatal de cuidados especiales (26.2% vs 17.7%, p < 0.20) y muertes perinatales (3.9 vs 0%, p < 0.30). La AG y la AE parecen igualmente seguras, pero la AE estuvo asociada con resultados significativamente mejores tanto para las madres como para los bebés.

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          Rates and implications of caesarean sections in Latin America: ecological study.

          To estimate the incidences of caesarean sections in Latin American countries and correlate these with socioeconomic, demographic, and healthcare variables. Descriptive and ecological study. 19 Latin American countries. National estimates of caesarean section rates in each country. Seven countries had caesarean section rates below 15%. The remaining 12 countries had rates above 15% (range 16.8% to 40.0%). These 12 countries account for 81% of the deliveries in the region. A positive and significant correlation was observed between the gross national product per capita and rate of caesarean section (r(s)=0.746), and higher rates were observed in private hospitals than in public ones. Taking 15% as a medically justified accepted rate, over 850 000 unnecessary caesarean sections are performed each year in the region. The reported figures represent an unnecessary increased risk for young women and their babies. From the economic perspective, this is a burden to health systems that work with limited budgets.
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            The risk of cesarean delivery with neuraxial analgesia given early versus late in labor.

            Epidural analgesia initiated early in labor (when the cervix is less than 4.0 cm dilated) has been associated with an increased risk of cesarean delivery. It is unclear, however, whether this increase in risk is due to the analgesia or is attributable to other factors. We conducted a randomized trial of 750 nulliparous women at term who were in spontaneous labor or had spontaneous rupture of the membranes and who had a cervical dilatation of less than 4.0 cm. Women were randomly assigned to receive intrathecal fentanyl or systemic hydromorphone at the first request for analgesia. Epidural analgesia was initiated in the intrathecal group at the second request for analgesia and in the systemic group at a cervical dilatation of 4.0 cm or greater or at the third request for analgesia. The primary outcome was the rate of cesarean delivery. The rate of cesarean delivery was not significantly different between the groups (17.8 percent after intrathecal analgesia vs. 20.7 percent after systemic analgesia; 95 percent confidence interval for the difference, -9.0 to 3.0 percentage points; P=0.31). The median time from the initiation of analgesia to complete dilatation was significantly shorter after intrathecal analgesia than after systemic analgesia (295 minutes vs. 385 minutes, P<0.001), as was the time to vaginal delivery (398 minutes vs. 479 minutes, P<0.001). Pain scores after the first intervention were significantly lower after intrathecal analgesia than after systemic analgesia (2 vs. 6 on a 0-to-10 scale, P<0.001). The incidence of one-minute Apgar scores below 7 was significantly higher after systemic analgesia (24.0 percent vs. 16.7 percent, P=0.01). Neuraxial analgesia in early labor did not increase the rate of cesarean delivery, and it provided better analgesia and resulted in a shorter duration of labor than systemic analgesia. Copyright 2005 Massachusetts Medical Society.
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              Rates of caesarean section and instrumental vaginal delivery in nulliparous women after low concentration epidural infusions or opioid analgesia: systematic review.

              To compare the effects of low concentration epidural infusions of bupivacaine with parenteral opioid analgesia on rates of caesarean section and instrumental vaginal delivery in nulliparous women. Medline, Embase, the Cochrane controlled trials register, and handsearching of the International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia. Randomised controlled trials comparing low concentration epidural infusions with parenteral opioids. Seven trials fulfilled the inclusion criteria for meta-analysis. Epidural analgesia does not seem to be associated with an increased risk of caesarean section (odds ratio 1.03, 95% confidence interval 0.71 to 1.48) but may be associated with an increased risk of instrumental vaginal delivery (2.11, 0.95 to 4.65). Epidural analgesia was associated with a longer second stage of labour (weighted mean difference 15.2 minutes, 2.1 to 28.2 minutes). More women randomised to receive epidural analgesia had adequate pain relief, with fewer changing to parenteral opioids than vice versa (odds ratio 0.1, 0.05 to 0.22). Epidural analgesia using low concentration infusions of bupivacaine is unlikely to increase the risk of caesarean section but may increase the risk of instrumental vaginal delivery. Although women receiving epidural analgesia had a longer second stage of labour, they had better pain relief.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                wimj
                West Indian Medical Journal
                West Indian med. j.
                The University of the West Indies (Mona, , Jamaica )
                0043-3144
                2309-5830
                September 2007
                : 56
                : 4
                : 330-333
                Affiliations
                [01] orgnameHolberton Hospital orgdiv1Paediatric Service, Obstetrical Service and Anaesthesia Servic
                [03] New York orgnameUniversity of Rochester orgdiv1School of Medicine and Dentistry USA
                [02] St John’s orgnameAmerican University orgdiv1Antigua School of Medicine Antigua
                Article
                S0043-31442007000400004
                2f376d6d-7fa1-45f2-ab32-3c09b8878c8f

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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